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보고서 상세정보

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선사시대 케냐 투르카나 호수 지역 초기 식량생산 문화의 고고학적 유물복합체에 대한 분석
이 보고서는 한국연구재단(NRF, National Research Foundation of Korea)이 지원한 연구과제( 선사시대 케냐 투르카나 호수 지역 초기 식량생산 문화의 고고학적 유물복합체에 대한 분석 | 2013 년 신청요강 다운로드 PDF다운로드 | David K. Wright(서울대학교) ) 연구결과물 로 제출된 자료입니다.
한국연구재단 인문사회연구지원사업을 통해 연구비를 지원받은 연구자는 연구기간 종료 후 6개월 이내에 결과보고서를 제출하여야 합니다.(*사업유형에 따라 결과보고서 제출 시기가 다를 수 있음.)
  • 연구자가 한국연구재단 연구지원시스템에 직접 입력한 정보입니다.
연구과제번호 2013S1A5A8021512
선정년도 2013 년
과제진행현황 종료
제출상태 재단승인
등록완료일 2014년 08월 04일
연차구분 결과보고
결과보고년도 2014년
결과보고시 연구요약문
  • 국문
  • "선사시대 투르카나 호수 주변 지역의 식량생산 문화와 관련된 고고학 유물복합체의 분석 연구(NRF 2013S1A5A8021512)"는 케냐에 있는 나이로비 박물관이 소장하고 있는 유물들을 통해 아프리카 지역의 종합적인 농경 전파 모델을 설정하기 위한 것이다. 총 2192점의 유물을 재분류한 후 데이터베이스화 하여 연구목적에 맞도록 분석하였다. 투르카나 호수 주변 지역의 유목은 적도와 아프리카 남부지역에 가축화된 동물들이 확산되어 가는 시기로 볼 수 있는데, 분석 결과 이 지역에 유목이 시작된 이후 1,000년 이내로 주거와 생계경제의 양상이 다양화되는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 이번 연구를 통해서 투르카나 호수 수면의 변화와 영향에 대해 이전 연구들 보다 좀 더 발전시킬 수 있었다. 이번 모델을 통해서 전기에서 중기 홀로세의 기간 동안 고고학적인 증거가 잘 확인되지 않는 점은 당시 100년 이내의 단기간 동안 50m이상의 수면 변화가 급박하고 격렬하게 일어났기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 호수의 수면변동 곡선을 통해서 투르카나 호수 유역의 거석 매장 유구(namoratunga)가 호수의 수면이 말기 가장 깊이 낮게 형성되었던 5000-4000BP에 조성이 되었던 것을 알 수 있었다. 이번 프로젝트는 이후에도 이어질 케냐 국립박물관의 유물들을 데이터베이스화 하는데 있어서 유물들을 분류 하고 명칭을 설정하였다는 점에서 큰 의미를 가진다고 볼 수 있다. 하지만 이러한 데이터베이스화가 아직 완성되지 않아 연구의 결과를 뒷받침하는데 부족할 수 있기 때문에 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.
  • 영문
  • The study “Archaeological Assemblage Analysis of Early Food-Producing Cultures of Lake Turkana” (NRF 2013S1A5A8021512) used archival museum collections at the Nairobi National Museum (Kenya) to develop a more comprehensive model of the spread of agricultural systems across Africa. A total of 2192 collections were recatalogued and converted into a digital database and analyzed to address the research questions. The results show an increasing diversification of settlement and subsistence strategies >1000 years after the introduction of pastoralism to the region, coeval with the spread of domesticated animals into equatorial and southern Africa. This research resulted in improved understandings of the oscillations in water levels in Lake Turkana compared to prior to the project. The increasing sophistication of the model now demonstrates that the lack of archaeological sites visible in the archaeological record during the early to middle Holocene is the result of rapid (≤100 yr) and severe (≥50m) transgressive-regressive phases of lake levels. The improved lake level curve also demonstrates that megalithic mortuary features (called namoratunga) were in use across the Lake Turkana Basin during the final, profound drop in lake levels ca. 5000 – 4000 years BP. The project was successful in developing protocols and ontologies for further conversion of the National Museums of Kenya collections into a digital database. Additional funds are being sought to complete the conversion, which will enhance the research capacity within the institution.
연구결과보고서
  • 초록
  • This project tested models of early food-producing cultures of eastern Africa using archival collections in the National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi. Conversion of legacy collections from analogue into digital format and dating of archaeological materials allowed researchers to look at the transition from hunting-gathering-fishing societies toward animal herding societies during the Holocene. A systematic survey of unpublished collections located in the Nairobi National Museum revealed tens of thousands of artifacts across the entire region that fill in large gaps of knowledge regarding this transition. The research project took place from August 2013 and laboratory analysis concluded in January 2014. In total, 2192 individual collections were recatalogued, including high-resolution photography of 602 artifacts, and illustrations of 37 artifacts. The catalogue was constructed in Microsoft Access, which will allow for easy export of the data into a permanent museum curatorial software package at a later date. The locations of almost 300 archaeological sites and scatters were plotted into a QGIS database, which is an open-source GIS program. Thousands of artifacts were rebagged because they were in such a serious state of decay. Two completely unpublished archaeological assemblages were identified and analysis and publication of the results of the study are underway. To this point, the research demonstrates that the transition from specialized fishing to pastoralism occurred during a period of profound climatic stress, when lake levels dropped +80 m from their middle Holocene high in a period of less than 300 years. Following the climatic transition, the material culture of the Turkana Basin slowly diversified with the use of many different forms and styles of pottery, varied sourcing of lithic raw materials and a move from megalithic mortuary internments into grave cairns. The diversification of material culture is coeval with the southern spread of pastoralism from Lake Turkana into equatorial and, eventually, southern Africa. The research concludes that aridification and desiccation of water bodies were strong impetuses to subsistence and social changes during the middle to late Holocene. Such transitions have been simultaneously recorded in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting global disruptions in ocean circulation patterns following periods of generally wet and warm conditions presented challenges to highly populated areas. The research project not only shed more light into early food producers of eastern Africa, but was also important for capacity building at the National Museums of Kenya. Legacy collections stored in the museum record the transition from our evolutionary ascent from apes into hominins, but are in grave danger of a calamity (e.g., fire, flood, decay through time). Thus, the NRF-sponsored research was an important first step in converting the paper-based record system into a fully digital archive. Future work endeavors to convert the entire National Museums of Kenya archaeology collections into a digital database. The present research project was significant for working out ontologies and protocols needed for a future full-scale digitization.
  • 연구결과 및 활용방안
  • The research results are being applied toward three objectives. First, publication and dissemination of the research results has begun. Because much of the work that remains to be done involves time-consuming laboratory procedures, it is likely that the publication and dissemination of the results of this project will continue for many years to come. The research has greatly improved the resolution of understanding early food producing communities in eastern Africa. Although such issues can seem irrelevant to national archaeological priorities, Korea has joined the community of developed countries sponsoring archaeological research in Africa. This allows Korean students more direct exposure to other human development trajectories and enriches understandings of the global cultural landscape. Comparative perspectives are needed in archaeology, and by sponsoring and participating in global archaeological research, Korea has now become a producer of cultural knowledge rather than a passive consumer. The second application of the research was the creation of a digital database of archaeological collections housed in the NNM. Photography and cataloguing of artifacts has continued beyond the timeframe of the grant period. NRF funds have been used to improve the infrastructure of the NMK and record keeping has become more streamlined as a result. As the NMK host the longest record of human cultural evolution in the world, the benefits of this project in preserving the story of humanity’s development are enormous. The project has heightened the awareness that a common ontology is needed at the NMK in order to deal with the copious amounts of cultural material that is present in the facility. Furthermore, the creation of a GIS-based record keeping system for archaeological sites in Kenya will improve monitoring of threats to cultural resources. The third application of the research is currently in preparation and involves applying for funds to create a complete digital record of artifacts housed in the NMK. The NRF-sponsored research was used to develop protocols and estimate timeframes for such an effort and the results of the research project are providing the basis for applying for funds to complete the task. If granted, the research capacity of the NMK will improve infinitely and the use of the collections for developing research projects will become common. The novelty of the present project lies in the fact that the inaccessibility of the collections to average researchers has precluded detailed museum-archival research. However, this project demonstrates that with a systematic approach to looking at archaeological assemblages in the museum, good research is possible. As plans for a full-scale digitization of the collections moves forward, we are using the results of this project as the model for how digitization can include research into some of the pressing questions facing archaeological research today.
  • 색인어
  • 농경; 투르카나 호수; 홀로세; 비교고고학; 경관고고학; 박물관학
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