This study is focused on establishing tone System of Haman dialect. And this paper is based on several surface tones are derived from underlying tone by two or three rules.
1. Most regular combinations of the tones appear as following; When an /H/ ...
This study is focused on establishing tone System of Haman dialect. And this paper is based on several surface tones are derived from underlying tone by two or three rules.
1. Most regular combinations of the tones appear as following; When an /H/ is followed by another /H/ it remains as it is (/H/+/H/→/HH/) but the other /M/ and /L/ are neutralized into /M/(/H/+/M/→/HM/, /H/+/L/→/HM/) regardless number of syllable. And the tones /H/, /M/ and /L/ are neutralized into /M/ and /L/ when they are followed by /M/ and /L/ (/M/+/H/, /M/, /L/→/MM/, /L/+/H/, /M/, /L/→/LL/). The common phenomena of exceptions are as followed ; One is, the tones /H/, /M/ and /L/ of N1 become /H1/ through assimilation when an /H1Mn/ comes in the poisition of N2. The other is, the tone /H1M/ appear very often regardless combinations of its underlying tone.
2. The verb is divided into two kinds by tone alteration. One is that it remains orginated tone always regardless ending suffix, and another is that high and low tone change into another tone depend on ending suffix.
1) The alteration of the tone /H/ following that: ① The tone of verb stem realizes /M/ when it is placed with ‘-아서, -ㅂ미더(ㅂ니다)/-니더, 니이더, -ㅂ미꺼(ㅂ니까)/-니껴, -더나/-드나, 다아, -는갑다(는가보다)/-는겟다, -는가베(는가봐)/-는게나, -시이소(십시오)/-이소, -거나, -ㅂ시더(ㅂ시다), -거마는’. ② When ssikkeuts like ‘-ㄹ라모(으려면)/-ㄹ라마, -ㄹ래, -ㄹ라꼬(으려고)’ are followed it is changed into /L/. ③ When the stem ended with ‘오/우’ is connected ‘아/어’, only vowel assimilation is realized and the tone of that is changed into /M/. ④ It realizes /HM/ or /M2/ optionly with ‘으X, -도록, -기로서(기로서니)’.
2) The alteration of the tone low /L/ is somewhat simple than in case of the tone /H/. That is to say, the tone of stem ended with consonants remains as it is and that ended with vowel changes into /H/.
3. The passive verb is derived from the suffixes such as ‘-이이-, -히이-, -리이-, -기이-’ and the causative verb is derived from the suffixes such as ‘-이-, -히-, -리-, -기-, -키-, -우-, -구-, -아-, -가-, -하-, -애애-’. The tone of root is changed into /H/ regardless its originated tone when it is connected with the passive form and the causative form. The passive verb is realized to /HmMn/, and in causative verbs, the old form ‘-이-’ and ‘-우-’group are realized to /HMn/ and the new form ‘-아-’ group uses around young generation, to /HnM/ or /HMn/ depend on the phonological condition.