On the Application of Employment-Labor to State Economy Administration and the Influence in the Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Periods Employment labor, substitute labor system, rent farmland system, labor requisition system, hire labo ...
On the Application of Employment-Labor to State Economy Administration and the Influence in the Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Periods Employment labor, substitute labor system, rent farmland system, labor requisition system, hire labor system, tun-tian, tian-ke, gei-ke system, zu-yong-diao system, xian-tian as the Age of the Warring States and Qin-Han periods passes, Government on the ground of physiocracy adopted the course of oppression employment labor market policy. In the meantime circle-coin issued, monetary economy developed, in Shang-yang Reformation for the expansion of productive capacity private ownership of farmland permitted in part, poverty and wealth gap gradually expanded, accordingly large landowner or powerful family brought up, for making the most use and management of properties the necessity of employment labor expanded on the around over society-policy circle. Government growed out of former group-shift labour-commandeering system, the tendency of dependence on employment labor growed larger. Thus deviated from former law regulations, realistic and expedient variation aspects in levy system sprang up on the several field, specially obviously took place on labour-commandeering system of central fu-shui-yi賦稅役 fields. First, on the shu-bian-yi戍邊役 field, the form enforced from Zhanguo-Qin戰國秦, as geng-zu更卒 public labor service by shift for one year, conversed to excess one year form in Qinshihuang秦始皇 wartime, returned to for one year labor service system(sui-geng-zhi歲更制) in early Han Gaohou高后 5th year(BC.183), additionally in those days, caused by substitution-labor system progress, in Wenti文帝 13th year(BC.167) gengfu更賦 as exemption money from public labor levied 300qian錢 per person and replaced to recruiting form through hire by that income. In ruchun-zhu如淳注 geng-you-san-pin更有三品, jian-geng踐更 as substitution-labor practically labor at the spot, so named of jian-geng踐更, distinguished between as on-duty-labor himself labor service case. In labor spot there were two kinds of labors as on-duty-labor himself labor service case and labors hired by others, officials in order to administer them naturally needed to write out two kinds of nominal lists. On labor in district as on-duty-labor himself labor service were named of zu-geng卒更, labor as hired by others named of jian-geng踐更. Shu-bian-yi戍邊役 labor service term was one year and celebrating the New Year season, so that was named of guo-geng過更. Jian-geng踐更 was accomplished on jun-xian-nei-yao-yi郡縣內繇役(labor in district) by between individuals arrangement, but guo-geng過更 was accomplished on shu-bian-yi戍邊役 by between state and individuals arrangement. There are the interpretation problem of 「several geng數+更」 「Jian-geng-several geng踐更數+更」 conjoined shi史 ․ bu卜 ․ zhu祝 etc. minor craft official(xiao-li小吏) in <er-nian-lu-ling二年律令>shi-lu史律 and yao-lu繇律. According to seniors or work experience more much geng更 figure more higher, it could be interpreted that on one month unit of geng system, 5geng更 mean for one year service was estimated 5 month service and calculated 5 month service amass, 12geng更 mean for one year service was estimated 12 month service and calculated 12 month service amass. Employment labor application of government was operated in not only labor levy system but also expanded in another several fields. In supplies for government demand, huge engineering and construction, relief policy for poor people · drifting people · afflicted people, employment labor form application of government such as lending farmland, gu-shan-qian雇山錢 · zou-zu-qian走卒錢 operation, wet-field cultivation, tun-tian-ce屯田策 etc. were greatly extended. And in Early Later Han from the army in district abolished and reduced, became to rely upon a lot not only former chi-xinr-tu弛刑徒 · zhe-min謫民 levy but also recruiting soldiers and employment of troops. Such conditions might finally incur the development of employment market. Then by cao-cao曹操’s hu-diao-ling戶調令 did become to advance decline of money currency economy and simultaneously employment market also advance decline? But accord-ing to <zoumalou-wujian> in Sun-wu Period kou-suan-qian levy as poll tax had been connected, under over twenty kinds of the name money levy being enforced, under carriage expenses name jiu-fei僦費 500qian every month being levied, in rice levy etc. grain payment time under carriage expenses name a sort of surtex being enforced. The amount of enforcement even material payment had been enforced with calculated as money value. Acordingly in my opinion even hu-diao-ling戶調令 hence money envy had not been abolished, and money economy not been declined. However in field of labor former geng-yi and geng-fu instance almost had not been found. Merely in some the minimum number of bamboo-slit letters geng-fu’s existence could be checked. On the other side not only geng-yi or geng-zu name but also the case of recording the aspect of operation were difficult to be found out. If so, in Sun-wu period did geng-yi system was already abolished? I think that was not so. On state administration labor levy is unescapable. In plenty of suan-shi-bu算事簿 seen in <wu-jian> ‘shi事+number’ mean geng-yi subject number evidently. It seems that in Sun-wu period mu-yi system募役制 which employ lots of required labor by payment of employment held great weight. Even in the Beiwei北魏 Emperor Xiaowen孝文帝 period and Sui dynasty geng-zu requisition system and levy ‘yong庸’ system were enforced together. This ‘yong庸’ was levied several length of silk by daily payment calculating in place of public labor service. Among zu-yong-diao租庸調 ‘diao調’ was diverted from temporary and easier levy system to regular and formal levy item through cao-cao曹操’s hu-diao-ling戶調令, since Sun-wu period mu-yi system募役制 and levy system of dai-yi-qian代役錢 · mian-yi-qian免役錢 advanced to ‘yong庸’ of formal levy item by way of temporary and easier form. As it is called the realization history of zu-yong-diao租庸調 system was in an aspect through such process shaped and realized.