This study attempts to investigate various factors responsible for the growing educational gap in Korea. Specifically, the current study examines (1) how the educational gap emerges in early childhood, (2) how this gap before school age grows during t ...
This study attempts to investigate various factors responsible for the growing educational gap in Korea. Specifically, the current study examines (1) how the educational gap emerges in early childhood, (2) how this gap before school age grows during the period of school age, and (3) what consequences the educational gap in K-12 has for transition to higher education and the labor market. To this end, the present study employs both quantitative and qualitative approaches, allowing for an in-depth understanding of various mechanisms of the growing educational gap in Korea. Further, this study examines educational polices aimed at closing the educational gap in Korea as well as in other countries, and assesses the accomplishments and limitations of these polices.
To summarize key findings, first, the review of educational polices aimed to close the educational gap reveals that early intervention and community-based programs play an integral role in bridging the educational gap. However, the effects of educational polices tend to become tenuous as the level of education increases. Second, the literature review of causes of the educational gap indicates that not only structural features of family such as homogamy and family structure, but process attributes such as parenting styles that vary by socioeconomic status (SES) contribute to the educational gap. Third, an input-output model on education shows that the socioeconomic gap in the utilization of child care institutions and expenditure in private tutoring and supplementary education in early childhood leads to the achievement gap in K-12, which in turn results in the gap in transition to higher education and the labor market. Specifically, children who grow up in poor families are more likely to face academic challenges in primary school. Educational experiences in early childhood before school age have a significant direct and indirect effect on academic achievement in middle school even after controlling for prior achievement in primary school. Academic achievement in middle school, especially math achievement, is also influenced by school SES and regional factors, in addition to individual student socioeconomic background. This is also the case for high school student achievement. Most importantly, it is expenditure in private supplementary education that plays a more significant role in academic achievement and transition to higher education in Korean society. Noteworthy is that cultural capital and school factors thought to play a significant role in school success in other countries have no significant effect on academic achievement as well as transition to higher education in the Korean context. Finally, the socioeconomic gap in private tutoring spending resulting in the gap in transition to higher education in turn leads to the gap in transition to the labor market, due to tight linkages between educational credentials and the labor market.
Drawing on these research findings and conclusions, this study proposes several specific policy recommendations for closing the achievement gap based on the following principles: (1) focusing on early intervention programs, (2) implementation of comprehensive policy targeting low-achieving students for increasing their learning ability, and (3) consideration of reducing the achievement gap through diversifying education.