This research explores the philosophy of calligraphy(書藝術哲學) by Chang-am Yi Sam-man(李三晩), who is the great calligrapher in late Joseon dynasty. The purpose of the research is to examine the calligraphy world of Chang-am, created during his life exclusi ...
This research explores the philosophy of calligraphy(書藝術哲學) by Chang-am Yi Sam-man(李三晩), who is the great calligrapher in late Joseon dynasty. The purpose of the research is to examine the calligraphy world of Chang-am, created during his life exclusively devoted to the calligraphy, from the art-philosophical perspective.
The purpose can be summarized in following two. One is to take the calligraphy philosophy of Chang-am as an occasion to recover our good real-nature. The other is to pay a tribute to the calligraphy philosophy itself by Chang-am, who devoted his whole life to the calligraphy as a 'proud calligraphy artist'.
The late Joseon dynasty when Chang-am practiced his calligraphy was a period of escalated identity confusion, compared to previous society. As the skepticism on the absolute values defined by the Neo-Confucianism supremacists gained weight, people began to have more interest in the import and accommodation of foreign cultures. As Ching dynasty replaced Ming dynasty in China, the Sinocentrism was cognized from new perspective and particular approaches to our traditional culture were attempted. Multifarious thoughts prospered to create new values replacing existing values. Almost all areas such as politics, economy, society, culture and philosophy went through the pain of big change during this turbulent period.
Despite the prevailing social trend, Chang-am’s calligraphy philosophy exclusively devoted to the calligraphy on the foundation of aesthetic characteristic of Confucianism and the born personality of Chang-am himself. Chang-am believed that the harmonious aesthetic consciousness of 'most virtuous and most beautiful' and 'harmonized beautiful outlook and inside with high integrity' is for the eventual human principles. His personality was condensed from the Taoist thoughts, which took the nature as the beginning point and final point.
Though the Korean calligraphy had been under continuous influence of Chinese calligraphy, the fact that Korean calligraphy had unique identity with proven creative capability is a positive aspect. However, until now, there has been no research on the 'trend and spirit and form' of Korean calligraphy, which defines the whole Korean calligraphy.
Therefore, it was concluded that the origin of Chang-am calligraphy share the flow and spirit with Korean calligraphy. The art of calligraphy, the calligraphy styles by age, the calligraphy groups and philosophical thinking were examined in this research, which resulted in the finding of the big branch in Korean calligraphy, namely the 'Joseon true writing style'.
This research explores the background, the forming process and the characteristic of 'Chang-am style' and suggests the big mountain called 'Joseon true writing style', condensed from Chang-am’s calligraphy theory, to the Korean calligraphy history, together with its artistic and philosophical meanings.
The period of 'Joseon true writing style' is from 'King Yu’s Zhuan writing(大禹手篆)', by King Yu of China, until the establishment of 'Chang-am style', in 18th to 19th century of late Joseon dynasty. The definition of 'Joseon true writing style' is Korean 'spirit of keeping real shape(眞景精神)', which is the self-realization spirit of cultural independence, expressing Korean subjects in Korean style, more than the imitation or copying of Chinese writing style. 'Joseon true writing style' is the living and dynamic calligraphy style, which describes the Korean landscapes and shapes of Koreans living as they are, such as thoughts, unique living style and people’s characteristic, based on the 'spirit of keeping real shape(眞景精神)'.
Especially this research paper clearly proves that the ultimate purpose of Chang-am was 'helping the humanity', because Chang-am declared 'the spirits of King Yao and King Shun' in 'King Yu’s Zhuan writing(大禹手篆)' and the meaning of 'Yi-jing(易經)' as Oriental cosmology and followed the principle of nature. This resulted in the finding the origin of Chang-am calligraphy and the real identity of 'Joseon true writing style'.
The creation of 'Chang-am style' went through the processes of 'highly virtuous character(人品高)', 'learning old wisdom(師法古)', 'extreme skill(極工)' and 'communication with spirit(通靈)'. 'Chang-am style' let us experience the realm of 'the great refinement does not have remains and the great writing is the nature itself(逸韻無跡得筆天然)'. Further, the aesthetic characteristics of 'Chang-am style', such as 'natural beauty'(天然美), 'plain beauty'(拙樸美), 'rural beauty'(土俗美) and 'dynamic beauty'(力動美), are internalized in 'Chang-am style', creating the artistic spirits of 'learning old to create new'(法古創新)’, 'the great sound does not have remains'(逸韻無跡) and the 'great writing is the nature itself.'(得筆天然)
One of the important points of this research paper is the analysis of Chang-am’s calligraphy artworks. 32 calligraphy works of Chang-am currently existing in good preservation condition are analyzed in this research. 'Tombstone writing of Officer Lee'(李公友溎之墓碑, 1796, Chang-am 27 years old) is the work of his earliest work when he had learned the calligraphy art and the 'Thousand characters'(千字文, Kai writing 21-folds, Chang-am 77 years old) and 'Stone monument in Nam-go-jin'(南固鎭事蹟碑, 1846, Chang-am 77 years old) are the works made one year before he died. 32 works between these two works are explored by their dates in this research, so that the characteristic and artistic soul of Chang-am calligraphy can be experienced, since everything about an artist is spoken by his artworks.
Chang-am wrote the calligraphy theory book, 'Gi-o-ee-jeok'(機奧異跡), where he re-interpreted existing writing methods such as 'writing method of 8 strokes'(永字八法), 'brush using method'(運筆法), 'structuring method' (結構法), 'brush holding method'(執筆法) and 'studying how to write'(論習字紙筆法), so that calligraphy learners can learn it easier. He created natural terms of his own such as 'horse-hoop and silk-worm-head method'(馬蹄蠶頭法)’, 'new writing method of 8 strokes'(新永字八法) and 'great writing is the nature theory'(得筆天然論). He also tried hard by inserting many illustrations so that calligraphy beginners can have their calligraphy foundation solid. These were the elementary calligraphy learning methods to make solid foundation of 'highly virtuous character'(人品高) and 'learning old wisdom'(師法古), which Chang-am emphasized during his whole life.
Chang-am gives us live description of a person, who refined his nature, studied hard and returned it to the society from his birth till death by his art, in addition to his contribution to the calligraphy artistic history. This is the lesson for people today, letting us aware of our identities. Now that it has been proven that 'calligraphy' itself is 'the duty'(道), it may be time to discuss about the appropriateness of the 'calligraphy ethics' later.
The significance of Chang-am calligraphy philosophy can be summarized in following five areas. The modern adaptation of tradition, overcoming the classic aesthetic beauty awareness, the encouragement of innovative creativity, the identity establishment of Korean calligraphy art and the identifying of Korean calligraphy trend.
Chang-am calligraphy suggested us the direction of Korean calligraphy and brought a big turning point to our awareness by 'looking from new perspective on the old thing' by 'learning old to know the new.' And this research had another significant meaning in its finding of the 'eternal mentor value' of Chang-am calligraphy.