This research is to predict the change in North Korean regime by analyzing the its openness from multiple aspects. This analysis used a 3X2 cross tabulation. The categories are as follows: political, economic, and sociocultural dimensions on the one h ...
This research is to predict the change in North Korean regime by analyzing the its openness from multiple aspects. This analysis used a 3X2 cross tabulation. The categories are as follows: political, economic, and sociocultural dimensions on the one hand, and institutional and conscious aspects on the other. Estimating the acceptability and adaptability of democratic politics, norms of market economy and liberal culture on the part of North Korean people after unification, this research will help us deal with various problems arising from unification such as maladjustment and social conflicts.
The research attempted an quantitative approach based on the surveys estimating the level of openness of North Korean society. Qualitative methods were also used including documentary survey and in-depth interviews. Surveys were conducted on 100 people including North Korean defectors and visitors to North Korea. And the interviews were conducted with 9 North Korean defectors and 5 visitors to North Korea.
North Korea is undergoing liberalization in a segmented manner. Whereas the levels of openness regarding economy and socioculture are comparatively high, openness level regarding politics is very low. Economic openness has not yet reached the level of sociocultural openness. China is more influential in its impact on North Korea's economic openness while South Korea is so in its impact on North Korea's sociocultural openness. The openness level is higher in borderline areas than inland areas. Merchants, trades men, diplomats show higher levels of adaptability and openness of consciousness. Open-door process has recently been spreading rapidly among youths familiar with computer and internet thanks to the development of information and communication technology.
Open-door process is slow in political or military cities such as Pyongyang and Ganggye, Jagang-do whereas the open-door consciousness is very high in Hwanghaenam-do. Given their familiarity with South Korean culture and similar way of speaking, residents in Hwanghaenam-do are expected to adapt themselves quickly to South Korean socioculture.
In terms of occupation, merchants show higher levels of (1) skepticism of the closed North Korean regime and (2) understanding of western culture. In contrast, the formation of open-door consciousness on the part of farmers turned out to be very difficult because they have very limited accessibility with regards to external culture or information.
The level of conscious openness depends on experiences of external world and political economic positions. In spite of their knowing well of external world, North Korean establishment take conservative stance regarding open-door policy. This is so because they already enjoy privileges and want to monopolise economic resources. This being so, it is very unlikely that opposing forces arise spontaneously from North Korean elites. In other words, enabling conditions for North Korean's reform and opening are not likely to be formed in top-down ways. Tradesmen and merchants, on the other hand, feel a more urgent need for opening, and show a relatively high level of conscious openness.
Deepening openness towards South Korean culture will form North Koreans' yearning for it. Accordingly their hostility towards South Korea-driven unification could be reduced. However, North Korea's opening towards external culture will not always function in a way that make a favourable circumstance for unification. It is also possible that knowing the unequal social structure of South Korea through the contact with its culture, North Korean people will, after unification, demand equal citizenship or go against unification movement due to their skeptical view of unified Korean society. In the sense, this study on North Korea's openness has significant implications on not simply area studies on North Korea, but the overall unification studies.