The citizenization of peasant-workers is a serious social problem which challenges the transition of China. From the perspective of Sociology, with field work and bibliography as research method, this paper reveals the deep mechanism of citizenization ...
The citizenization of peasant-workers is a serious social problem which challenges the transition of China. From the perspective of Sociology, with field work and bibliography as research method, this paper reveals the deep mechanism of citizenization of peasant-workers, indicating the operation of this mechanism in various fields. Finally, it discusses the actual process of the citizenization of peasant-workers which are decided by the mechanism.
Scholars indicate that the citizenization of peasant-workers is the process during which peasant-workers and social institution mutually constructed. The social factors affecting the process should include in stitutional arrangement, economic environment and public opinions. As for the subjective factor, it should contain the desire and ability of the peasant-workers to the citizenization process.
On one hand, social institution restricts the behavior adjustmentof peasant-workers. For instance, the institution of accommodating and sending back excludes peasant-workers from entering cities; urban Provisions of work politics repel peasant-workers; urban free compulsory education system discriminates against the children of peasant-workers. On the other hand, social institution also leaves some behavior space for the peasant-workers. For example, informal employment inthe city provides jobs to peasant-workers; local government acquiesces in the existence of the illegal school of peasant-workers' children. Under such circumstances, Peasant-workers organize their behavior in an initiative way. They take institutional and uninstitutional strategies, make use of all kinds or resources (such as economic, hu-man and social resources, Public opinions and government's attention)to contend and strive for their legal rights and interests. Some cases in points are like the following. They evade when facing the accommodating and sending back; they work deadly hard as they have no advantage in education as well as social capital; they establish school for their own children as the urban public school discriminate against them; they get support from public opinions, urging local government to admit those schools. All the adjustment behavior mentioned above not only satisfies the need of individuals, but also brings about institutional result: during the course of participating the reproduction of social in stitution, Peasant-workers also change the social structure, and thus their own behavior space in the city develops. The breaking down of the institution of accommodating and sending back, the urban compulsory education system gradually clearing their prejudice towards Peasant-workers'children, the government emphasizing the security system of peasant-workers'rights and interests, are all the results of the those changes. Just during this mutual-constmction process, Peasant-workers gradually citizenized.
Ever since 1980s, when peasant-workers entered city, the mutual construction mechanism is being in a diachronic operation process. The current result of this process is shown as the current situation of Peas-ant-workers citizenization. And this "current citizenization" will there fore decide the prospect of peasant-workers citizenization in the future. Because in the peasant-worker group, the desire and ability to be citizenized differs greatly, and structured background also differs between those from different generation, the process and degree of Citizenization must be divided or even polarized. Currently, only very few peasant-workers are citizenized or quasi-citizenized, some are semi-citizenized, while the reminding majorities are still marginalized groups in the city or even go back to country. And it is thought that there is very limited chance for those marginalized peasant-workers to be semi-citizenized or even quasi-citizenized as they are low-skilled and low-market competitive. As a result, most of them will stay in the state of marginalization and will be back to country when they get elder. However, from the point of generation replacement, generally the citizenization environment that peasant-workers face is being more open and fair, the desire and ability to be citizenized is being improved. Hence, the ratio of citizenized must be surely improved.
Peasant-workers have also found out spontaneously some practical paths of citizenization, which perhaps point out certain directions for our reform and development, In order to improve peasant-workers to be more citizenized, such strategies should be taken: to respect their initiatives, to provide citizen rights for them gradually.