Aristotle claims that deliberation (bouleusis) as a search for things that contribute to an end is restricted only to human beings. The purpose of this research is to analyze Aristotle's concept of deliberation and to make clear his thoughts on the di ...
Aristotle claims that deliberation (bouleusis) as a search for things that contribute to an end is restricted only to human beings. The purpose of this research is to analyze Aristotle's concept of deliberation and to make clear his thoughts on the difference between humans and animals. This study consists of two parts. The research of the first year focuses on finding out the cognitive resources of human deliberation and defining Aristotle’s concept of deliberation. And the second year study tries to answer the question how Aristotle can explain intelligent behaviors of animals (ta phronima) without assuming their capacity of deliberation or their phronesis.
The first year research aimed at elucidating the cognitive resources of deliberation is mainly conducted in two directions. Firstly, it analyzes the cognitive activities involved in the deliberation of human beings. On the basis of Aristotle’s statements on the deliberation in his ethical writings, we can see how many functions, such as abstraction, imagination, recollection, comparison, and justification, are involved in the human deliberation, as Aristotle sees it. Then, our analysis goes to examine his remarks about the cognitive phenomena that emerged as the resources of deliberation, primarily in De anima and Parva naturalia. From the perspective of Aristotle’s moral psychology, human deliberation turns out to be a searching process for a choice, i.e. the process consisting in the work of calculative capacity involving the manipulation of phantasia, the retrieval of past experience and the forming of an opinion through reasoning. But non-human animals are lacking in this process, above all because their cognitive functions are active only in connection with sense perception. They have nothing other than sensitive phantasia, associative recollection and opinion without reasoning, which explains why Aristotle excludes deliberation in non-human animals.
The second year research on intelligent behaviors of animals also proceeds in two directions. On the one hand, it takes into consideration the relevant passages in the Historia animalium on intelligent behaviors of animals to classify them into various categories. For example, behaviors for survival, protection and rearing of youngs, adaptation and learning, and communication etc. comm into consideration. On the other hand, this is followed by the attempt to explain these behaviors in terms of the cognitive abilities that were discussed in the first year research. So, the main question is how animal behaviors that appear to be based on a deliberation of human kind can be explained in Aristotle's psychology, i. e. how such behaviors can be convincingly explained without supposing animal’s “deliberation” or “rational choice.” Our study approaches this problem with a focus on his “experience” concept. According to Aristotle, experience is a form of knowledge that is not universal, but individual, and it is just the knowledge of a fact, not why the fact occurs. But the experience - despite such limitations - makes “factual reasoning” possible in the light of individual experiences of the past. I discuss how clever behaviors of animals can be explained based on such an experience.
We conduct this research through the analysis and rigorous interpretation of related texts according to the general methods of classical studies. For it, psychological and ethological writings, such as De anima, Parva naturalia and Historia animalium, are especially in consideration.