The problem of addiction is getting worse in the Korean society due to various personal, social, economic and cultural factors. The first factor to note in examining specific factors for the worsening addiction problem is that the age level of expos ...
The problem of addiction is getting worse in the Korean society due to various personal, social, economic and cultural factors. The first factor to note in examining specific factors for the worsening addiction problem is that the age level of exposure to addiction is becoming lower due to social and environmental factors as well as personal. Previous studies report that alcohol use and gambling, which formerly were exclusive to adults, have recently been found even among elementary school students. The social and cultural environment that make risk materials with the potential of leading to addiction accessible to lower-aged students without being restricted.
Second factor to note is socio-economic, arising from the rapid social transformation, especially continued economic depression and income polarization. Social polarization is deepening in South Korea as the country has been experiencing drastic changes in the economic environment since the 1990s through the financial crisis that necessitated the IMF bailout and globalization. According to the statistics of 2016, the Gini coefficient was 0.304, or 0.009 higher than the previous year. (Statistics Korea, 2017) Income polarization takes effect upon the addiction problem as well as distribution. As income polarization continues, the number of citizens deprived of hopes for the future increases, and so does the possibility for them to resort to alcohol and drugs or indulge in gambling out of a get-rich-quick fever. Income polarization and increase of the number of addicts are in static correlation. Moreover, in the present Korean situation in which the problem of youth unemployment and economic depression co-exist continuously, the problem of addiction is likely to become even more aggravated.
Of the four major addictions (alcohol, drug, gambling and the Internet), drug addiction is known as the most critical and damaging in its effect. Thanks to its strict drug laws, South Korea had formerly been acknowledged as a 'drug free country' in the international world. However, since the number of people arrested for drug-related crimes exceeded 10,000 in 1999, it has been on a consistent increase, increasing the danger level from drug addiction. According to the report by the Supreme Prosecutors' Office (2016), the number of people charged for drug-related crimes was over 11,900 in 2015, and 6,876 in the first half of 2016 or 34% more than the previous year. South Korea is no longer a safe zone from drugs. The drug-related crime coefficient exceeded 20 in 1999 and 23 in 2016. In general, drug-related crime coefficient 20 marks the perimeter to determine drug control, over which the use of drugs increases drastically. Income polarization, growth of entertainment industry and economic depression have been alleged as factors for the increase of drug use and crime rates. South Korea's breakaway from the status as a 'drug-free zone' cannot be irrelevant with these factors.
Addiction is not only a personal but also a social problem that inflicts damage to the addicted person, his or her family and the whole society. We can see from historical evidences how the Chinese Qing Dynasty, the most powerful country in the East at that time, was almost perished from the prevailing opium smoking, or how the whole society of some Central and South American countries were shaken. The fact, however, is that this problem is not limited to drugs. Medically speaking, addiction causes various changes in dopamine and compensation circuit in the brain, which cause problems in mental health, e.g. difficulty in anger control, depression, helplessness or suicide. It also causes various social problems, e.g. lowered functionality for jobs, loss of will for working, and expansion of unconstructive leisure culture. Addiction can also give rise to crimes, such as theft, robbery, fraud, or embezzlement committed for money to buy drugs or for gambling. Moreover, addiction is not wrapped up on the addicted individual's personal level, but, situated at the center of family problems, the problem can be linked to disruption of the family's financial foundation or violence in the family.
In resolving and alleviating the addiction problem, human selfishness and 'gold' cannot be disregarded. It means that, in approaching the addiction problem, it is necessary to deal with both personal and social desire. So far, most previous studies have been overlooking this reality and fallen into the simple optimism that personal change and proactive improvement of policies would resolve the addiction problem. To put it simply, the reality of addiction facing us today is: "Addiction is not only a personal problem; even if a person tries to de-addict, the environment would not leave him or her alone with temptations." The fact is that 70 to 90 percent of the addicts to alcohol, gambling and drugs experience relapse within one year after a rehab treatment. Such a high relapse rate points at the power of external environmental influence that tempt individuals rather than the personal feeling of helplessness in the recovered addicts who chose recuperation with the will to escape from addiction. In a structural environment that mass-produces addicts, the approach must be to reinforce the individual person's initiative capabilities to overcome the structure, so that he or she may de-addict and recover.
Recent studies in Korea and international circles show tendency to switch from the previous pathological and medical approach to the recovery approach. The recovery model values an individual's personal capacities and abilities to control and improve the addiction problem and promotes growth beyond simply exiting from addiction. This approach takes deeper interest in existential factors, which includes personal resilience, social support and spirituality, and the quality of life, with the effect of reduced feeling of failure as an 'addict' and medical bills. The recovery model has been a topic for a lot of discussions on an extensive range, with proven efficacies of de-addiction experienced on the field. While the recovery model is superior to the medical model on the philosophical and value aspects, it has failed in building a sophisticated model to compete with the medical model. Even the proponents of the recovery model tend to think it is confined within the framework of the medical model. Attracting interest since the 1980s, the recovery model was originated by the insights of practitioners, and we cannot deny that it fell short of expanding theoretical foundation due to the urgency on the field. Unlimited expansion of practice against theoretical inferiority is nothing but a castle built on the sand.
In this regard, researchers studied the theory of recovery model and practice system on the four addictions on the level of 'Korean indigenous theoretical approach. Addiction, in particular, is closely related with not only history and tradition but also the cultural system, taxation, criminal policy and treatment system of a particular society. Building a practice system from the few theoretical perspectives made overseas also poses a risk of building a castle on the sand. More specifically, in the three-year Stage One research, the Korean-type treatment model and programs were established on the basis of the recovery theory's structure of the four major addictions. The present study researches the addiction recovery theory and the program, which is the practice model based on the recovery theory, and finally establishes and presents 'the Korean-type Treatment Model and Program' that contains the concept and methods as the foundation for practice.
In addition, this study is original in the following aspects: First, the study is in a virtuous circle of theory and practice. One of the issues raised consistently in the socio-scientific field as well as addiction research is the disparity between theory and practice. One of the reasons for such disparity is that the approaches were made separately: the theories were approached by researchers while practice by practitioners. In this study, the theory is structured not only by practitioners but also the addicted people and their families, who participated not as mere objects for the research but also as part of the research team. On the other hand, the practice model will also be conducted from the collective intellectual viewpoints with the participation of researchers, practitioners, persons with experiences of addiction, and their families. And there will be processes of theories being applied to the field and revised according to its practice. Through these research processes, the disparity between theory and practice will be overcome.
Second, the Korean-native theory and practice model will be presented that are adjusted to the Korean social and cultural circumstances. In South Korea, the addiction problem has been approached in ways that foreign theories and practice models have been mechanically applied in resolving personal and social problems. Addiction, in particular, is a field subject to immense economic, social and cultural influence. For example, in the case of alcohol addiction, the Korean culture differs from the American that imposes strict restriction in buying and using alcohol. Not only in addiction, but also in the recovery theory, there are variations in results of application according to different socio-cultural environments of different countries. The Korean indigenous theory should not be regarded as a nationalistic idea, but as a realistic perspective formed in the face of the Korean reality. The Korean indigenous theory is not composed merely by basing the research on Koreans. It must be composed not only from Korea's social, economic, and cultural context but also from Korean tradition and perception. To include these elements, the present study takes both quantitative and qualitative research methodology, valuing values the necessity for the qualitative study, which is context-oriented and discovery-based approach.
Third, this study is inter-disciplinary integrative research. In the three-year Stage One research, the tasks were participated mainly by professional researchers majoring social welfare, sociology, laws, and spirituality. Despite its high efficacy, an inter-disciplinary research has the risk of getting disoriented due to the challenge of concept defining, difference in approaches or variance of research viewpoints. However, in the problem of public health like addiction, the inter-discipline research in social welfare, sociology, psychology, medicine, and philosophy are known for being easy with performances on a noteworthy level. The problem of addiction, in particular, is not be resolvable by s single disciplinary approach. I attest that the present study serves as an example of concrete approach of a Bio-Psycho-Social Model, a topic recently gaining attention.
In this sense, applying the 'recovery model' beyond the previous pathological perspective in viewing the addiction problem, the present study is aimed at building a practical model, or manual, that promotes growth beyond exiting addiction, with focus on personal capabilities, such as resilience, social support, existential factor (spirituality) and the quality of life in the process from addiction problem to recovery. In conclusion, the mid- and long-term goal of this research is "to build the theoretical foundation and practice system of recovery models from Korea's four major addictions."