Looking at Arendt's writings, especially The Human Condition and The Origins of Totalitarianism, we see that Arendt is violently criticizing liberalism more than anyone by distinguishing the social from the political and distinguishing action from lab ...
Looking at Arendt's writings, especially The Human Condition and The Origins of Totalitarianism, we see that Arendt is violently criticizing liberalism more than anyone by distinguishing the social from the political and distinguishing action from labor and work. Representatives of liberalism were eighteenth-century classical political economists, such as Smith, Ferguson, and Ricardo, who put the autonomous order of markets through civil society as a kind of common good. In other words, they thought the pursuit of personal profit becomes the whole interest and economic interdependence creates order. The society dominated by the social have extended the economic operation of the family to the whole country, which is the characteristic of modern times that Arendt noted. Arendt argues that the birth of economics coincides with the birth of society, and that it is from Adam Smith that the political economy is conceptualized as science. Istvan Hont, the British historian of economics and political thought, also argued that Smith and Rousseau, who seem to make some contradictory claims, agreed that people should live in a (commercial) society in order to meet their material needs and desires. In a society where commerce and trade mediate human relationships, people are kind and courteous to one another for their own benefit. The idea that commerce enlightens humans and creates a civilized society was a widely shared belief among modern thinkers. For them, "doux commerce" is believed to not only free humans from past conventions and oppressions, but also to make peace between nations (as each nation seeks its own interests). Arendt, however, regards the phenomenon in which the social dominates the public realm, the realm of the political, as a life threat to the world. The rise of the economy (society) from the 16th century Reformation puts the pursuit of 'life' at the center of human activity, which makes humans simply 'species' or 'zoe', living beings. The Human Condition and The Origins of Totalitarianism are the genealogy of society that traces how liberal governance (adherence to life) through markets in capitalist society has resulted in totalitarian violence. And, similar to Arendt's analysis of liberalism, which is characterized by the dominance of the social, it is Michel Foucault's concept of biopolitics that explains the way of liberal governmentality through modern social control. Foucault defines modern biopower as a power that "makes live and lets die." Power is no longer exercised against a "legal subject" but aganist a living creature (or "population"). Above all, the security of life emerges as the most important issue of political power. What are the consequences of these safety mechanisms? With the rise of biopolitics, the state (government) is replaced by administration, and politics falls into the management of life. Arendt sees the rule of society as an “invisible hand,” that is, an anonymous domination, and in this domination, like Foucault, has already argued the irony that the state is destroyed by its replacement with administration. Both Foucault and Arendt found the fundamental problems of modern society in the social in the face of the massive and widespread massacre, such as genocide. The rise of social and the decline of politics in Western history of the 20th century are two sides of the same coin. In other words, Arendt and Foucault see politics as the core of modern politics, which has fallen into a series of technologies that manage the security and security of the population in the necessity of life. This study demonstrates that Arendt's theory is still valid through a comparison of Arendt and Foucault.