<1nd year research summary> Kim Ok-Kyun from a Perspective of Modern Intellectuals
: Focusing on ‘Samguk Yusa’ and ‘Trees’ by Fukuzawa Yukichi
This thesis considers Kim Ok-Kyun’s traces around the Gapsin Coup focusing on Ziji Shinpou by Fukuzawa Yuk ...
<1nd year research summary> Kim Ok-Kyun from a Perspective of Modern Intellectuals
: Focusing on ‘Samguk Yusa’ and ‘Trees’ by Fukuzawa Yukichi
This thesis considers Kim Ok-Kyun’s traces around the Gapsin Coup focusing on Ziji Shinpou by Fukuzawa Yukichi. This work reveals Kim’s status recognized by the Japanese at that time, and reviews the recognition and comments on the issue how Kim and international situation surrounding Chosun were reported, represented and criticized through mass media like newspapers in Japan.
Fukuzawa Yukichi introduced Kim Ok Kyun and the Enlightenment Party in the editorial of Ziji Shinpou, mentioning the process of the Gapsin Coup and its failure in 1884. Fukuzawa criticized Kim because Kim insisted Independence from the Qing Dynasty in China. Fukuzawa regarded Confucianism of Chosun and the Qing Dynasty as uncivilization considering the international situation at that time. The situation had turned urgent under the European civilization and Imperialism. Fukuzawa suggested Japan should escape from Asia and enter the Europe, and demanded the integration and unity of the Japanese.
Also, Fukuzawa reported Kim’s traces around the Osaka incident or banishment to the island of Ogasawara for 10 years since Kim refuged in Japan, which aroused the sensation about Kim both in Chosun and China. At the same time, his writing showed the criticism on the Japanese government for the reason of passive position toward both country. Besides, the news that Kim was assassinated by Hong Jong-Wo in Shanghai in 1894 and the report about the condolence Japanese politicians and people expressed clearly showed Kim’s thought and humane qualities as well as Kim’s status.
On the other hand, however, Fukuzawa criticized irrationality of both countries over the treatment after Kim died, which offered the theoretical grounds on which Japan invaded into them, and contributed to form this public opinion. As a result, Japan started the Sino-Japanese War in 1894.
Kim Ok-Kyun’s thought and awareness of the times, however, influenced on the Japanese deeply. Especially, Kim’s Sanwa-shugi(三和主義), the argument that three countries of Chousun, Japan, and China should cooperate and defeat the Western powers, definitely represent Kim as the modern thinker who intended to lead for Oriental three countries toward civilization.
<2nd year research summary> Japan’s Subculture Appeared in Kim Ok-kyun and Royal Politics : Focusing on ‘Dog of the Royal road’
On December 4, 1884, after the failure of the Gapshin political change, Kim Ok-kyun spent 10 years in exile in Japan and went to Shanghai on March 28, 1894, to meet Li Hong-shao. However, he was assassinated by Hong Jong-woo who accompanied him. Such historical events and Kim’s turbulent activities were combined with the chaotic historical background by Korea, Japan, and Qing in the 19th century. They have been reproduced into diverse cultural contents, providing interest to us,
Japanese historical cartoon “The Dog of the Royal road” by Yasuhiko Yoshikazu is based on Kim Ok-kyun, whose setting is from the middle to the end of the Meiji period with Japan, Chosun, and the China in the background. The cartoon depicts the fate of various human statues in East Asia’s history and the current of the times. What is important is that the writer set Kim on the center line in relation to the theme. Kim Ok-kyun is the only one who appears in the entire work despite that many Japanese politicians appeared and disappeared after the Meiji Restoration. This suggests that he reevaluated the status and value of Kim Ok-kyun in modern Japanese history.
In this cartoon, Mencius’ idea of “king-do politics” was the basis for Kim’s status and value. By reevaluating each character from a universal and macroscopic perspective rather than just a series of historical events and character-centered biographies, it presented a new vision for solving historical problems between Japan, China and Chosun. Furthermore, the existence and influence of Kim Ok-kyun in the period of Japan’s modernization is so great that he appears as the main character in the subculture of modern Japanese manga. This reveals that the Sino-Japanese War, which broke out after his death, and Sanwaism, which he tried to claim to the end, are countercultures against the military rule of the Three Kingdoms.
In this sense, it is necessary to reestablish his status by reevaluating the historical significance of Kim Ok-kyun. Korea has evaluated negatively about Kim Ok-kyun and Gapshin political change by enlightenment thinkers in 1884. This cartoon shows the historical significance of Kim Ok-kyun through various spectrums of subcultures by breaking away from the distorted and uniform image.
<3nd year research summary> Historical reinterpretation of Kim Ok-gyun's Death
: Focusing on Jung Myung-seop's ‘Kill Kim Ok-gyun’
The purpose of this study is to re-examine how Ok-gyun Kim's historical discourse, reproduced in modern and contemporary popular culture, is transformed and reproduced according to each era. In fact, in modern times, Kim Ok-gyun's representation is not limited to the fixed and uniform boundaries of the past, but has been reinterpreted as a faction (fact+fiction) with various literary imaginations. As an example, Jung Myung-seop's novel, ‘Kill Kim Ok-gyun’(2012), is unfolding around a series of events surrounding <The Book of Hong Jong-woo> by Ryu Gyeong-ho, a reporter of the Times Daily, with the work of the 1924 Japanese colonial Joseon Gyeongseong as a background. In other words, in 1924, about 30 years after Kim Ok-gyun's death in Shanghai in 1894, the truthfulness of whether Hong Jong-woo was the real culprit who assassinated Kim Ok-gyun, and whether or not the <Oriental Samhwa Theory> left by Kim Ok-gyun existed. The truths that the governments have not been able to uncover are reconstructed with the artist's imagination.
First of all, for the Korean public in 1924, Gapsinjeongbyeon was a revolution that was carried out with the aim of independent independence and enlightenment of the Joseon Dynasty, but it was nothing but a rebellious coup for the public who traditionally admired Confucianism. In particular, the fact that Japan borrowed the power of foreign powers as a result of which they used the stigma of being pro-Japanese, and it can be seen that it has been fixed and continued to this day. In addition, the authenticity problem surrounding the assassination of Kim Ok-gyun breaks away from the fixed and uniform historical narrative that said he killed Kim Ok-gyun, which has been known so far, and looked at it from the inverse point of view that the Japanese government or Japanese may have been assassinated. These various interpretations are likely to be significant in that Korea, China, and Japan are able to view history in a broader macroscopic range, escaping from the existing microscopic limitations.
Moreover, in modern popular culture, Kim Ok-gyun's representation has been used as a means to obtain rationality and legitimacy in accordance with the political intentions of each ruler as it has been concealed and distorted through historical techniques from above in each era. However, in addition to this, it can be seen that the history technology from below is also summoning Kim Ok-gyun's death as a basis for the establishment of a new system as a reaction against the governing system of each period. At the same time, an attitude of trying to know the historical truth is required here, and above all, reflection on uniform and fixed historical repetition and critical courage are required.