□ The right to self-determination of providers of human origin
Legal nature of human derivatives: Prior to the development of life sciences and medical technology, the opinion that the human body was separated or not separated, or viewed as the prope ...
□ The right to self-determination of providers of human origin
Legal nature of human derivatives: Prior to the development of life sciences and medical technology, the opinion that the human body was separated or not separated, or viewed as the property of the segregated, was dominant. However, since it is an extension of character as a part of the body, the view that the transaction performed as the object of property rights is contrary to human dignity is dominant.
The Constitutional Court ruled that when cells isolated from a person's body are used as a cell unit rather than a human tissue for the purpose of treating a person's disease, the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act falls under the provisions of Article 2, Paragraph 1, Subparagraph 4 According to the Bioethics Act, the principle of impermanence has been extended to general human materials when a donor of human materials provides human materials to a researcher of human materials. … … France denies the property rights of human-derived objects, and Japan demands non-profit purposes as a requirement for permission from umbilical cord blood suppliers. In Europe, the donation of human tissues and cells must be free of charge, based on the European Union guidelines, etc. … The public management system is in place.
In Article 10 of the Constitution, an individual's right to decide on self-destiny is prerequisite for the right to decide on an individual's personal right to be happy. The right to self-determination of an object of consumption is also a right derived from the right to pursue happiness, and includes cessation of life-sustaining treatment, that is, self-determination regarding life reduction. Consent for medical practice and consent in the study of human materials can be divided, but the right to self-determination over the disposal of human materials is also one of the rights of self-determination derived from Article 10 of the Constitution, the right to morality and the right to seek happiness. The right to self-determination or general freedom of action derived from the right to pursue happiness stipulated in Article 10 of the Constitution is based on the premise that the rational and responsible person respects the decision and choice of his or her own destiny, but bears responsibility for it.
□ Consent and Consent Exemption in Korean Human Material Research
In Korea, many laws, such as the Bioethics Act, the Organ Transplantation Act, and the Human Body Tissue Act, are based on the dignity and autonomy of the research participants and donors, and the purpose of the research, the period and procedure related to the research, the gain of understanding related to the research, the protection and provision of personal information. Written consent is received for the contents of preservation and disposal of specimens, withdrawal of consent, and provision to third parties. On the other hand, when it is judged that obtaining the consent of the research subject is practically impossible or has a serious impact on the validity of the research, there is no reason to presume the rejection of the consent of the research subject, and even if the consent is waived, In the case of extremely low risk, the written consent of the research subject can be waived with the approval of the institutional committee. The revised Bioethics Act in 2019 introduces a notification system, not a consent system, when a medical institution intends to provide residual samples used for diagnosis and treatment to the human derivatives bank. A possible method, that is, an opt-out method was introduced.
□ A Study on the Consent and the Exemption System in Human Biological Material Reseach in Europe - Focusing on the EU and German system -
The emergence of precision medicine and personalized medicine inevitably requires the construction of a medical platform through expansion of large-scale analysis of genetic information, a population-based cohort, and human materials research. Therefore, activation of Consent and Consent Exemption is required within the scope of not invading the Self-Determination Right to medical information provider.
Many laws, such as the Bioethics Act, Organs Transplant Act, Safety of the Human Tissue Act and Blood Management Act, is supposed to receive written consent includinf the objectives of research, procedure of research, foreseen risks and benefits of research, protection of personal information, preservation and discarding, withdrawal of consent, provision of personal information, etc. from the research participants and the donor. This is to respect the dignity and autonomy of the research participants and the donor.
On the other hand, if it is determined that obtaining consent from a human subject of research is impracticable in the course of research or is likely to seriously affect the validity of research and if there is no ground to find that a human subject of research will decline consent or the risk to a human subject of research is very low even if the project is exempted from consent. a research project may be exempted from obtaining written consent of a human subject of research, subject to approval from the competent institutional committee.
However, the 2019 revised Bioethics Act stipulates that a notice system, rather than a consent system, should be used to provide the human material bank with the remaining samples used by medical institutions. As long as the subject does not indicate rejection of the offer, a method that can be provided, that is, an opt-out method, has been introduced.
The European Union has enacted the “DIRECTIVE 2004/23 / EC on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells” with a donor's consent and consent exemption system. And in EU, Seven countries are opting for the opt-in method, or the consent system(Zustimmungslösung), while 23 are opting for the opt-out method, or the contradiction system(Widerspruchlösung). Recently, the opt-out method has been expanded.
Germany also enacted the 'Human Tissue Act(Gewebegesetz)' and accepted the European Union Directive 2004/23/EC as a domestic law. Germany has been adopting a "extended consent system(erweiterte Zustimmungslösung)." However, in 2019, the transplantation Act was revised to introduce an opt-out method, or an contradiction system for organ transplants of a deceased person
However, the expansion of the consent exemption system, including the notification system, and the expansion of the opt-out method in the donation or transplantation of organs of the deceased person greatly help human materials research.
It is a great trend to create a good environment that can ensure the development of human materials research along with the guarantee of the right to personality. Therefore, in human subjectsor human materials research project, the opt-in method that personality rights can be well guaranteed can be widely applied to the research participation and organ donation and extraction. However, the opt-out method should be expanded within the scope of not infringing on the right of personality to improve the research environment of human materials research project.
□ A Study on the Consent Exemption System in Human Biological Material for Research (in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland)
Due to the advances in biomedical science, projects on human tissue and body are lively underway. Although the advances of the biomedical science play a positive role in improving quality of life, there is a growing concern about infringing upon the dignity of human beings.
In relation to biomedical science, human tissue provides the priceless usefulness as an object of medical study and a development of medicine. Therefore, human tissue offer the broadcast research environment, which explains why the legislation of the wide application of utilizing human tissue upon medical practice is required. Furthermore, the protection on self-determination of donor and right to freedom of action should be taken in to consideration. The procedural device for compromising antithetical values is the prerequisite for consent of human tissue donor and exemption.
The consent exemption of human tissue has been globally developed via ‘Nuremberg Code of 1947’, WMA(World Medical Association) ‘Declaration of Helsinki 1964’, ‘International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects 1993’ by CIOMS(The Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences), WMA Declaration of Taipei on Ethical Considerations Regarding Health Databases and Biobanks. Moreover, EU members recently began to transform from existing consensual method to expanded or protested method.
Human Tissue Act 2004(HTA), in the UK, also provides that storage and use of human tissue is required to get donor’s consent. And the activity using human for other purposes which are not consented is subject to punishment under HTA. However, secondary use of human tissue can get a permit without procedure for consent if anonymization of the storage of human tissue receives approval of ‘Institutional Review Board’(IRB). In addition, extraction and utilization of DNA information from human tissue without the consent of its donor is presumed as an invasion of privacy. Nevertheless, using DNA information for the purpose of urgent medical care or criminal investigation can be exempted from the consent.
Although a full explanation regarding the consent, there is a potential for violation of donor’s human right. However, bolstering human tissue research is required in order to achieve an improvement in the quality of life of human beings. Thus, we need to raise the public nature of human tissue research and to reify the requirement of the consent exemption for vitalizing the healthcare industry. Such prerequisites of the consent exemption teaches us a lot with regard to institutional arrangements of human tissue study in South Korea.