Abstract
A Study on the ancestral ritual formalities reflected in painting carved on a stone in Han Dynasty
Heo, myung-hwa
This paper noted that in the Han Dynasty, ancestral rites became possible in the family unit due to the system of “resident r ...
Abstract
A Study on the ancestral ritual formalities reflected in painting carved on a stone in Han Dynasty
Heo, myung-hwa
This paper noted that in the Han Dynasty, ancestral rites became possible in the family unit due to the system of “resident registration for each house(編戶齊民)”.
This was a factor in which the ancestral ritual was settled along with the influence of the system that the Confucian ideology practiced in the Han Dynasty became the nation's religion, and the system was governed by filial piety and integrity. These influences were attributed to the establishment of personal ancestral gods on the tombs in general society in order to perform rituals in the tombs during the Han Dynasty, and the paintings engraved on the stone were located in the building where the ancestors were enshrined next to the tombs.
This thesis examines the formation of ancestral rites and their phenomena against the background of the period in order to examine through paintings that show etiquette to ancestors reflected in the paintings engraved on stone, which can be found in the settled ancestral rites of the Han Dynasty. The change of the rite was analyzed together. It can be presumed that the religious ideology of the state's Confucian ideology in the Han era and the state's power to rule the country with filial piety from the previous period influencing the general society and spreading the construction of numerous stone-carved paintings.
In the ancestral rites of the people of the Han Dynasty, the concept of life and death, which is a symbol of the view of the soul, was basically dominated by the belief of “people never die(不死其親).” Among them, the listing subordination of “Thinking like a living person even when they die(事死如事生)” is a unique concept of life and death in the Han dynasty, which is the view of the immortality of the soul, and further developed in the Han dynasty. It is said that the “conventionalism(風俗)” is formed by the natural environment and by the intention of the monarch. That is why many people's customs during the Han Dynasty were related to ghosts, and this idea of ghosts during the Han Dynasty had a great influence on the lives of people during the Han Dynasty. The life and death view that originated from the traditions of Han Dynasty people's contemplation of such customs originated from the Confucian thought of the “The filial piety(孝)”, but the idea of ghosts combined with mysticism was also dominant. Eventually, the background of customs on the tombs of the people of the Han Dynasty was considered not only to be an opportunity to recognize the tombs where ancestral rites were held and to develop into tomb rites, but also to be a very suitable environment for the appearance of burns. This change in ancestor worship in the tombs was a phenomenon that occurred when the “Han period(漢)”society changed from the clan system to the family system of “resident registration for each house(編戶齊民)”, and the main object of ancestor worship was changed from a distant ancestor of the tribe to a close family, especially a father. The reason for the sacrifice to the ancestors who died in the tomb or near the tomb was because they thought that the souls of the dead lived in the tomb and received sacrifices.
In this thesis,'the time when the tomb rites spread and prevailed would be the “míngdì(明帝)”period, but the ‘beginning of the tomb rites was the “Qián Hàn period(前漢時期)”. Directly related to ancestral rites, this pavilion ancestral rite painting reflects the Han(漢)people’s view of the soul and the Confucian idea of “Thinking like a living person even when they die(事死如事生)”In summarizing the symbols of děmǎchūxíngtú(車馬出行圖), fúsāngshù(扶桑樹), and Xīwángmǔ(西王母) in the paintings of the ancestral priests, the lower layer of the three-stage “A picture of worship(拜禮圖)”is represented by the symbol of děmǎchūxíngtú. In the middle floor, the owner of the graveyard expresses the ritual of the graveyard owner who receives sacrifices from his descendants to represent the 'real world'. It is judged to symbolize shénshù(神樹)', which shows the sacredness of the ascendant. The upper part with the Xīwángmǔ, which symbolizes the status of a woman, expresses the “heavenly world”. The construction of a building next to the tomb prepared for ancestral rites can be seen as an expression of etiquette to the ancestors in the paintings carved on the stone divided into upper and lower parts. This expresses the meaning of the act of filial piety to the owner of the cemetery. It is the spread of filial piety and the social atmosphere of “All scholarly thoughts are extinguished and only Confucian thoughts are respected(罷黜百家, 獨尊儒術)”, which was the ruling ideology of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, it can be seen that Confucian ideas, which were the means of governance, became the logic of the national governance structure and that the ancestral rites were well reflected in the paintings carved on the stone.