1. What you did the study do
1) Donna Harroway's Cyborg Feminism.
Prior to exploring the work world of Korea's leading female poets, the theoretical approach examined the work of Donna Harroway and Hannah Wilkey.
Biologist, philosopher, and femini ...
1. What you did the study do
1) Donna Harroway's Cyborg Feminism.
Prior to exploring the work world of Korea's leading female poets, the theoretical approach examined the work of Donna Harroway and Hannah Wilkey.
Biologist, philosopher, and feminist Donna Haraway suggests hybrid beings such as apes, cyborgs, and Angkomuses to overcome the human-centered structure. The idea of diluting the dichotomy of humans/animals, primitive/civilization, and humans/machine originally originated from an interest in "Mixotrica Paradoxa". From this creature that does not exist as an independent individual, Donna Harroway seeks new ways of understanding the world and existence, highlighting the importance of interdependent and coexistent attitudes. Through the Mixotrica Paradox, which disrupts the concepts of objects and sets, it develops the reason for breaking the boundaries through existing dichotomies and binomial confrontations, such as spheres and abstracts, nature and culture, organisms and machines, men and women.
Since then, she has been influenced by feminist ecologist Evelyn Hutchins and realizes that women are excluded from the scientific field. It criticizes objective knowledge as the exclusive property of white European men and invents the concept of "situational knowledge." It is argued that the objectivity of perception is derived from reflective criticism of the partiality of self-knowledge. As 'modest witnesses', the composition of situational knowledge implies resistance to the existing male-centered academic system. She argues that gender concepts should also be addressed as a history, practice and overlap of semantic experiences.
Donna Harroway is widely known for her work as an ape, cyborg, and woman in 1991 where she advocates "cyborg feminism". Feminists must destroy human-centeredness first and embrace this collapse. In other words, she says that when cyborg is taken as an important reflection of feminism, it can destroy inequality rooted in patriarchy, and feminism can acquire assets of connecting and joining disparate things. Donna Harroway's reasons and activities show that feminine writing can effectively contribute to crossing boundaries, creating holes, and opening gaps.
It was around 2000 that Dutch chemist Paul Crüchen used the term "anthropocene" in the sense that human activity used fossil fuels, chemical fertilizers and artificial compounds to create extinction and pollution in the global environment. Since then, various experts have presented diagnoses of the human world and the Earth in various fields. People like Jason Moore respond with the word "capital tax" by noting the impact of the global ecosystem on the spread of colonialist production systems and global capitalism. They say that indigenous people in the Amazon basin do not live on this planet in the same way as citizens in developed countries. Meanwhile, Donna Harroway critically reviewed these terms and invented the term 'toulouse' as an alternative term. It focuses on the spatio-temporal nature of forces hidden under the ground, namely tentacle powers at the Earth level, including more than human beings, non-human beings, inhumane ones, and humans as corrosive soil. It says rebuilding shelters and joining forces that enable full recovery and reconstruction are possible efforts that humans can make now.
2) Hannah Wilky's "body" reasons.
Hannah Wilke is an artist who actively expressed reasons for women's bodies. Hannah Wilkey is an American percussion artist, sculptor, and photographer who is famous for her work on the genital features of women. He also showed nude with gum all over his body. She also boldly demonstrated her struggle with disease, addressing the reasons for women's bodies as the main theme of art work. Hannah Wilky's works, which openly reveal certain body organs or showcase the old body itself, may look rather bizarre or ugly. But blatant chutzpah seems to be effectively contributing to the oppression, concealment and hypocrisy of the world. The obsessive pursuit and blind admiration of a well-decorated, young, and beautiful woman's body are nothing but illusions created by a capitalist society. As condemning distorted desires and voyeuristic gaze, she displays her natural and everyday body without hesitation. Her exposure could be read by turning into love for humans and compassion for the world.
2. RESEARCH RESULTS
While carrying out this research project, I looked at the world of works by poets Kim Hye-soon, Kim Eon-hee and Na Hee-deok, and the following is a summary of the research results.
1) Poetry by Kim Hye-soon
Kim Hye-soon is a poet who shows the reasons and exploration of feminine writing through poetry and prose. "Look at the factory manager of the calendar factory" (literature and intellectual history, 2000) is a work of words that women working in the factory convey to their fathers, factory managers, and supervisors. It is a poem that shows how their movements and words to solidify the system within the power structure of our society suppress and suffer the socially disadvantaged. Gestures to embrace pain in the middle of a shabby life and not lose love are verbalized through questions from the female speaker. Poetic questions, which avoid uniform thinking and are wary of hasty judgment, are calculated through women's bodies and language, which can be said to be a voice that cracks a solid life. "Why, do I have to start a new sentence every morning?" is a question neither father nor factory manager can answer. The question remains how to handle the weight of this question, which is asked while listening to music that covers the noise of the tireless lubrication.
In Kim Hye-soon's recently published collection of poems, "Wings Fantasy Pain" (Literature and Intellectual History, 2019), fantasy is strengthened, possibly because the pain and oppression of reality have increased. In Wings Fantasy presents a woman walking through the city's night streets. The illusion of feeling the sound of high heels tapping asphalt as rain is due to pain. Women feel like 'birds' in their presence. It's a crying bird, a dirty bird, a sick bird. The bird is also in a position to look at me. This separation and departure herald the imminent death of a bird/woman, who hides in the bathroom, and the sound of water flowing on the faucet comforts me. The question of what will happen to "new/female" comes painfully as soon as the fantasy of bailing out a shabby life is over. It is the role of the city to leave the pain of this question as a share to be taken together.
Poet Kim Hye-soon's "Bloom Pig" depicts a pig buried alive in the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. The pain felt by looking at pigs stuck in the pit alive is a driving force to portray pigs as plants, not animals, as if they were flying animals, not wild animals. The shame of being conscious of others' eyes borders on shame, but the shame of oneself borders on guilt. Shame and guilt are the unique emotions of humans, and the process of feeling and dealing with them is an opportunity to go to a better society. Those feelings will arise when equal status is granted to non-human beings. Wounds and pain don't come from top-to-bottom relationships, but from parallel relationships. It is not a vertical power but a horizontal sense that crosses boundaries. Producing voices through inclination and permeation and pushing the limits of personality may be one of the consolation and value of poetry.
2) A poem by Kim Eon-hee
Poet Kim Eon-hee uses the reason for women's bodies as a poetic foundation to explicitly reveal the oppression inherent in everyday life in the poetry. Kim Eon-hee's work, "One Leaf Hole 2", is a parody of Oh Kyu-won's poem "One Leaf Woman". The poem "woman" in the original work is repeated by replacing the word "hole". Since "hole" is used to disparage women's genitals, referring to women as holes constitutes sexual abuse. However, it is the repetitive effect of this poem's statement that reminds us of other poetic effects instead of shame beyond the violence of words. It can be said that it is a poem that encourages "I" to have positivity and pride in her body through explicitly revealing that her body is a woman. The affirmation that "I have a hole for myself forever" sounds like a declaration to take on sorrow for myself. The body cannot help but creatively devise how to take it and why to take it in terms of having an inalienable inevitability to others. You shouldn't just force yourself to accept being a woman naturally. It can be sexual oppression and restraint. To ask questions without taking existing notions and cultural customs for granted, to reveal the violence of biased thinking and to reorganize and create our perceptions, which is the spirit and poetic intention of Kim Eon-hee's poem.
One day, Kim Eon-hee's poetry reminds me of the meaning of growing old as a woman who said "any morning." The starting point of poetic utterance is not an imagination of death, but an awareness of the conditions of women's lives. The conditions of a woman's life and its squalor are unleashed through the vivid life she greets as a dead woman, not by saying that she should die because of life. Thus, statements and assumptions about "any morning" that allow us to open up the absurdity of life create a gap in "ridiculousness." The hole is a life/poet that can breathe without suffocating. In a recent interview, poet Kim Eon-hee says. "A woman's body is the source of all discrimination, pain, humiliation and humiliation, so I think words should come from it."Now-here-this-body I am, and now-here-this-body is in a lumpy, ever-changing state of progress, and that's all, and I can't write a levitating sentence that excludes this body. It's also a matter of conscience."
In Kim Un-hee's recent poem, the title "Wol Incheon River" refers to the moonlight reflected on the river, which is usually interpreted as meaning that "the mercy of the Buddha reaches the world." The song, written in praise of Sakyamuni's virtues, has a certain area of meaning that can be guessed consistently through the title because it has been familiar with "Wol Incheon River Song." However, the text of the poem unfolds in a very different way from a vague guess. To read this poem, the task of reconstructing statements that unfold radical images at arm's length from the general semantic domain of the title is placed. The bloody moji that broke through the window is 'Moonlight'. I feel the dead eyes, the tangled hair, the open mouth, and the mouth of the mouth, in the still moonlight, and I throw it to the other side because I can't stand it. Later in the poem, a glass crack is heard "on the other side" and a short scream is followed. Fear is not just a matter for me. The pain is portrayed as crossing over to someone and never ending. The reason why this work's poetic rhetoric, which shows the breathless development of grotesque images, cannot be treated as delusional or divisive lies in the separation between the title and the text of the poem and its poetic effect, as previously stated. What is moonlight to us. The gentle light emitting moon that illuminates darkness usually has richness and vitality, regeneration and circulation, and feminine implications. However, the poet does not hesitate to ask crooked questions regardless of the existing notions or symbolism. "Who is arming with the only mother-of-pearl, where will the eyeballs slip out and where will the jawbone fall off?" No one can resist the moonlight in the breathtaking darkness. There is no one to answer the question of moonlight smashing a thousand windows. Only the fact remains that questions will continue until the eyeballs and jaw bones are removed. Why is it so painful to convey the stark fact that moonlight exists in the middle of darkness as long as life lasts? As the poet says, a question that can be answered is not a question. The question raised in the middle of the boundary between beauty and Chu, life and death, body and spirit, brightness and darkness is a confession of the sense that one can only prove life in a way that faces the impossibility of not being able to answer.
3) Na Hee-deok's poem
Writing a poem is not a mechanical task of setting a certain message and arranging the language accordingly. Poetry is written to ask questions, not to find the answer. The work of asking good questions and moving and revising them to continue the question would be the real meaning of writing a poem and an adventurous writing. When using language as a process of exploration, language will allow the opportunity to stutter the truth. Na Hee-deok's painting of birds flying away and peeling apples at the table during the evening. Poetic moments can arise from the sense of feeling the 'heart pounding' of an apology facing a well-cut apple on a plate, although not a special event. "Redness" is not the color of an apple, but the color of a palpitations, and the round shape resembles "no words" on the table and plate as well as the apple's. The heart that the bird bit and ran away asks if it was an apple or a plate, but it turns out that it belongs to "I" who looks at the apple on the plate. It seems to me that I can listen to the palpitations of things that have lost my heart comes from the pain of loss I have suffered. The description of a plate with its mouth open like a silent light or parentheses spreading around it evokes the inside of the speaker, who is seething unlike the silence outside the window. "I" meets and breaks up with things in the position of the person who has no choice but to swallow other hearts, and such discovery comes from peeling apples in the evening. Pain and wounds are inherent in the ordinary daily life of chipping apples and swallowing them. In a quiet voice, "bird" says, "I" is standing there with an empty body, peeling apples in a place that is not flying away. I accept a sense of despondency about life that is inevitable. The poet does not reveal the word "sick" on the surface, but the image and sensory statements surrounding the apple allow the reader to feel the pain. The poem brings out the sense of loss and pain from ordinary and everyday moments of experience, calmly asking questions and solving them with a specific sense, creating poetic inspiration to the reader.
Na Hee-deok's "The Question and Answer of the Evening" is an enigmatic poem. It is a work that comes to mind as an impossible image of life on the boundary of life and death, happiness and unhappiness, brightness and darkness, uphill and downhill, and roads and walls. Repeatedly appearing as the main motif of this work. It appears to be taking the form of a question-and-answer from the images of tarot cards. However, they do not rely on everyday speech and take the form of pre-question and answer. In fact, it is more of a poet's advisory answer than a daily conversation, but the answer to the question is more of an inner voice. Such a voice makes me feel the frustration and persistent pain of life's contradictions and difficulties. Poetry can be said to start at a time when it is difficult to ask and answer neatly. Poets may be thrown into many thoughts and worries and suffer from undecided conditions. If the question is to approach the most human-like life in the midst of difficulty in making decisions easily, you can see the willingness to explore to provide an opportunity to shake off anxiety and pain in the slightly missed answer.
In another work, "Lyric Poetry of Filename," Na Hee-deok tells an anecdote of East German poet Reiner Kunze to express opposition and criticism of surveillance and control. In fact, the East German intelligence department reportedly produced more than 3,500 pages. There can be no such thing as ideological instability in the record of words that would have been contained in the poet's file. Fear and bias are probably the most fundamental factors behind the mobilization of surveillance systems. Through this anecdote, the poet asks us what poetry should be today. Na Hee-deok once said, "Poetry is about listening to other people's pain rather than confessing to my pain, and it is not about replacing pain with enlightenment, but about feeling and experiencing the pain process more vividly." Narrowing the poetic distance between my statement and the pain of the batter. You should be interested in reading and writing literature as a method for living together, not to be alone and archaeologically. To do so, it is necessary to listen, answer, and ask questions again. Thinking about writing in response to society's requests for rescue beyond the system is an important point in literary writing of our time.