차용어에서 우리는 모국어나 피차용어에서 볼수 없는 언어 현상을 목격하게 된다. 이러한 무동기 현상은 그 현상을 유발시키는 데이타가 부재한 상황에서 생겨난다는 점에서 언어이론에 심각한 문제를 제기하고 있다. 즉,언어 사용자들이 이러한 현상을 어떻게 습득하는가 ...

차용어에서 우리는 모국어나 피차용어에서 볼수 없는 언어 현상을 목격하게 된다. 이러한 무동기 현상은 그 현상을 유발시키는 데이타가 부재한 상황에서 생겨난다는 점에서 언어이론에 심각한 문제를 제기하고 있다. 즉,언어 사용자들이 이러한 현상을 어떻게 습득하는가 하는 습득이론에 대한 문제가 재기된다. 이 문제와 관련하여 Shinohara (2003)는 보편문법이론을 조심스럽게 제기하고 있다. shinohara는 차용어에서 나타나는 동기부재의 언어현상이 흥미롭게도 다른 여러 언어에서 나타나는 언어현상과 일치 한다는 점에 주목하면서, 차용어의 제약 순위 (constraint ranking)가 보편문법에 의해서 결정되어진다는 주장을 펼치고 있다. 차용어의 제약순위가 보편문법에 의한 것이라는 이가정은 결국 차용어에서 나타나는 동기부재의 현상들이 유아의 언어습득과정에서도 나타나는 보편문법이 잠재되어 있다 성인언어에서 표출된 결과라는 주장이다.
본 논문은 두개의 목표를 가지고 있다. 먼저 경북지방에서 사용하는 방언의 차용어에서 나타나는 모국어나 피차용어인 영어에서 볼 수 없는 언어 현상을 조사, 연구함으로써, 이 동기부재의 언어현상들이 여러 다른 언어에서 나타나는 보편적인 제약조건들로 설명될 수 있음을 증명하려고 한다. 차용어를 설명하는 제약조건들의 순위를 제안한 다음, 본 논문은 차용어가 보이는 이 제약순위가 shinohara가 제기한 가정에서 처럼 보편문법에 의해 결정되는 지를 증명하려 한다. 이를 위해 경북지방 유아언어를 조사 연구하였는데, 흥미롭게도 경북 차용어가 보이는 동기부재의 현상들이 유아언어에서도 나타남을 발견하게 된다. 따라서, shinohara의 가정이 실제 자료에 의해 증명되어짐을 보여주고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 보편문법이 유아의 언어습득과정뿐만 아니라 성인의 차용어 습득에도 큰 역할을 하고 있음을 입증하는자료를 제공하고 있다. 본 논문의 구성은 다음과 같다. 먼저 차용어에서 나타나는 동기부재 언어현상인 중폐쇄음절 (a heavy closed syllable)을 논하고, 다음으로 단음절의 장음화 현상 (monosyllabic vowel lengthening)과 falling 성조의 출현에 대한 논의가 있을 것이다. 삽입모음의 경우를 포함하여 여러 예외의 경우들에 대해 다양한 분석이 또한 시도되며, 마지막으로 유아어의 분석을 통하여 shinohara의 보편문법가정을 입증하고 있다.

Loanwords reveal patterns for which the constraints of the native or the source language grammar have nothing to say about. The analysis of such patterns may require constraint rankings which do not seem to be motivated by the data available to the sp ...

Loanwords reveal patterns for which the constraints of the native or the source language grammar have nothing to say about. The analysis of such patterns may require constraint rankings which do not seem to be motivated by the data available to the speaker, posing a problem concerning learnability of these rankings (Broselow, 2006). Regarding the issue of the learnability problem, Shinohara (2004), based on the fact that emergent patterns of loanwords typically correspond to well-established cross-linguistic markedness preferences attested in numerous other languages, makes a hypothesis that the emergent patterns of loanwords are reflections of Universal Grammar. It follows from this hypothesis that emergent patterns of loanwords follow from the default parameter settings or constraint rankings inherited from the initial stages of language acquisition that remain latent in the mature grammar. This paper has dual goals. First, I report emergent patterns that appear in loanwords of Northern Kyungsang Korean. As I analyze loanword data of NKK within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993), I attempt to characterize the constraint rankings required to account for these emergent patterns. Then, by exploring data from child language of NKK, and comparing them with loanword data, I test the hypothesis on Universal Grammar as the possible source of constraint rankings for emergent patterns of loanwords. I found that the same emergent pattern found in loanwords are exhibited in child speech. Therefore, the Universal Grammar hypothsis gets a supporting argument from this paper. The paper is composed of as follow. I first discuss emergent patterns found in loanwords of NKK. The analysis of the loanword data consists of three parts. In section 2, I consider emergence of a heavy closed syllable; in section 3, I discuss monosyllabic vowel lengthening and emergence of a falling tone. In Section 4 I discuss ban of a high tone on an epenthetic vowel, while examining apparent exceptional cases. I investigate tone patterns of child language in section 5 and discuss an implication child language data make on the issue concerning the learnability of constraint rankings for loanwords. A concluding remark appears in section 6.

The present paper has dual goals: to prove that emergent patterns found in loanwords of North Kyungsang Korean are results of universal markedness constraints, and to test the hypothesis by Shinohara (2003) that the constraint ranking for loanwords fo ...

The present paper has dual goals: to prove that emergent patterns found in loanwords of North Kyungsang Korean are results of universal markedness constraints, and to test the hypothesis by Shinohara (2003) that the constraint ranking for loanwords follow from follow from the default constraint rankings inherited from the initial stages of language acquisition. First, I discuss emergent patterns found in loanwords of North Kyungsang Korean: gravitation of a high tone to a word-initial or a word-final closed syllable, monosyllabic vowel lengthening, and a falling-toned monosyllable. These emergent patterns, I show, are results of cross-linguistically well-established markedness constraints such as MORAICITY, WTP, WORD MINIMALITY, and ALIGN R. By showing this, the present paper supports the claim of OT that constraints grammars of language consist of are universal. Then, I explore data of child language to pursue the question concerning learnability of this ranking. I show that the same emergent patterns as found in loanwords are exhibited by child speech. This finding confirms the Universal Grammar hypothesis that supposes that emergent patterns of loanwords follow from the default constraint rankings inherited from the initial stages of language acquisition that remain latent in the mature grammar. This paper thus provides evidence advocating Universal Grammar as the source of constraint rankings both for child language and loanword grammar.

There has been a renewal of interest in study of loanword phonology since the recent development in OT theory enabled us to express the emergent patterns found in loanwords.
The basic assumption of OT is that constraints grammars of language consist ...

There has been a renewal of interest in study of loanword phonology since the recent development in OT theory enabled us to express the emergent patterns found in loanwords.
The basic assumption of OT is that constraints grammars of language consist of are universal. It follows from this assumption that emergent patterns are results of universal markedness constraints. In this paper, I provided an argument in support of the claims of OT by showing that emergent patterns of North Kyungsang Korean can be accounted for by universally well-eatablished markedness constraints.
Learnability has recently been the central issue in the literature of OT. Loanword phonology as well as child language raises questions concerning the learnability of constraint rankings because constraint rankings for loanwords are never motivated by the data available to the speaker. Regarding the issue of learnability of loanword constraint ranking, Shinohara (2003) proposed a hypothesis that emergent patterns of loanwords are reflections of Universal Grammar. It follows, according to him, from this assumption that emergent patterns follow from the default parameter constrains rankings inherited from the initial stages of language acquisition that remain latent in the mature grammar. The present paper, by exploring data of child speech of North Kyungsang Korean, has shown that, as is predicted by the hypothesis by Shonohara, emergent patterns found in loanwords are also observed in child speech.
Universal Grammar has always been a big question in linguistic theory since Chomsky and Halle first proposed it. The role of Universal Grammar became still more important in OT. The present paper, by investigating data of loanwords and child language of North Kyungsang Korean, has shown that Universal Grammar does a crucial role in shaping not only child language but also loanword phonology. Since this paper might be the first attempt to relate emergent patterns of loanwords to child language, it makes a meaningful contribution to the development of OT. The present research will stimulate cross-linguistic research on loanwords, child language and Universal Grammar.