When W. E. B. Du Bois says that "the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line," such a statement clearly recognizes the significance of the issue of racial identity, a cultural phenomenon called ‘passing.’ During the early twe ...
When W. E. B. Du Bois says that "the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line," such a statement clearly recognizes the significance of the issue of racial identity, a cultural phenomenon called ‘passing.’ During the early twentieth century, one in which racial boundaries and differences among passing blacks became unstable, and especially during the Harlem Renaissance in which Afro-Americans in northern cities were very much aware of the ideal of the "New Negro" movement and of "racial uplift," Afro-American writers had made great efforts to tackle the theme of "the color line." Both Johnson in The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man and Larsen in Passing also confront this issue. Both novels, using the metaphor of passing, not only trace the racial anxiety and race politics of the time but also expose the unstable landscape of the established social and cultural boundaries of racial identity. Mapping out multiple meanings and various dimensions of passing, this paper argues how Johnson's and Larsen's narrative display the ambivalence of color line while they at the same time complicate, problematize, and destabilize the mainstream racial boundaries and differences. It furthers to delineate how the two writers, with difference, deal with the problem of passing, the significance of racial identity, and black middle class values along with its intraracial differences. Rather than draw a clear definition of and a definitive closure on passing narrative, this paper focuses on its complexities and undecidability, challenging every dimension of its established significations. It also explores the complex dynamic between passing act and individual identity, for passing here is not just a racially signified term but extends its significance in the other factors of identity, such as class and even sexuality. Both novels further reveal how the texts themselves ‘pass’ narratively as well as thematically. Johnson and Larsen open up a site for a newly emergent, modern racial identity for black middle class in the twentieth century American urban spaces; it is indeed quite different from the black identity of the previous century, the stereotypical and "pastoral" black image. Both writers, illuminating the subversive and slippery nature of language in their passing narrative, clearly herald new, different forms of Afro-American writings and themes for the different century they face. Poignantly addressing the impossibility of cultural reading of the color line/passing identity, they open up an alternative space for Afro-Americans where a new modern black identity is produced, an identity in-between, constantly fluctuating between black and white (either black or white, "neither black nor white"), constructing and deconstructing, contradicting and contesting each other.