Study 1: This study was phenomenological to understand how people with physical impairments build up their empowerment throughout participating in community sport activities. This study focuses on the explanation of their empowerment, which was deduce ...
Study 1: This study was phenomenological to understand how people with physical impairments build up their empowerment throughout participating in community sport activities. This study focuses on the explanation of their empowerment, which was deduced, their common experiences and their sub-items from personal, collective, and social benefits. The participants of this study were 17 people with physical impairments who continually participate in the community sport activities. The results of this study were as follows: First, there are personal benefits for people with physical impairments who participate in community sport activities. The main personal benefits were experience of goal orientations, self-identity, and self-efficacy. The sub-items were achievement goal orientations; educational-participation goal orientations, subjectivity, future challenge, self-expression, intimacy, stability, and self-sensitivity were founded. Second, there are collective benefits for people with physical impairments who participate in community sport activities. The main collective benefits were motivational climate and group identity. The sub-items were self-oriented atmosphere, task-oriented atmosphere, relationship of club member, self-esteem. Third, there are social benefits for people with physical impairments who participate in community sport activities. The main social benefits were political competence and cultural environment change. The sub-items were internal and external efficacy, social support change, social action, social system change, political support change, and improvement in accommodation, education, and one's values/attitude.
Study 2: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of participation in clubs sports for person with physical disabilities on empowerment and self-actualization. The researchers used 186 male and female physical disabilities who continually participants in the clubs sports team. The study used SPSS 14.0 program for exploratory factor analysis and AMOS 4.01 program for confirmatory factor analysis to reliability and validity of the substructure. Based on the results, the conclusions produced the followings: First, the hypotheses model fit based on Adapted Physical Activity Model to guide understanding of philosphy was validity. Second, the participation in clubs sports were positive effects on personal level empowerment, an organization level empowerment and social level empowerment. Third, the personal level empowerment and social level empowerment were positive effects on self-actualization. Fourth, the participation in clubs sports were positive effects on empowerment. Fifth, the empowerment were positive effects on self-actualization. The conclusion of the study is that person with physical disabilities who continually participate in club sports have experienced empowerment. also they have developed their empowerment and self-actualization. Therefore it is necessity that person with physical disabilities should be encouraged to participate and empowerment in club sports.