This study focuses on the relationship between moral and politics from practical philosophies of Immanuel Kant, who is better known as an master of moral philosophy than that of political philosophy. Its final goal lies in finding out the uniqueness o ...
This study focuses on the relationship between moral and politics from practical philosophies of Immanuel Kant, who is better known as an master of moral philosophy than that of political philosophy. Its final goal lies in finding out the uniqueness of politics or the political from Kant’s practical philosophies, which can not be reduced to law or moral.
The characteristics of politics or the political from Kant’s practical philosophies, as seen in Kant’s remarks like “true politics can’t make any advance without paying respect to moral firstly” or “every politics should kneel down in front of law” or “Truthfulness is at last the best politics” or “Law should not conform with politics, but it is politics, which should conform with law,” seems to refer to ‘desirable’ relations of politics to law and moral, to say more concretely, a priority or dominance of moral and law over politics.
That basic position of Kant is shared not only by G. Schramm, who insisted “In Kant’s system there is an important relationship between ethics and theory of state”, but by A. Schwan, who argued “For Kant politics wins its legitimacy only through being subjected to moral. Politics serves never the realization of natural needs or interests but only the realization of moral law.”
As a result, not to mention the question if Kant had ever left any systematic political philosophy, most studies so far on his political philosophy have been done within a boundary of moral philosophy or at least in close relations to this. According to those streams “for Kant morality requested to individuals is also requested to states and therefore focuses on moral politics, which puts on politics a duty to realize morality.” In this vein they deal with Kant’s political philosophy not as a political project but as a moral one. Thus we can hardly find a political philosophy, which either exceeds or keeps its distance from a moral philosophy.
In other words such insistences on Kant’s political philosophy as “for Kant there is no place for politics or political philosophy but only for moral” or “all we can find out from Kant’s practical philosophy is only moral projects” or “the key point of Kant’s political philosophy lies in the moral politics which Kant himself so much emphasized” or “for Kant republic is nothing but a kingdom of moral or a country of god, which pursues completion of moral life for human beings and realization of the supreme good”, block any attempt to get to a balanced perspective for politics on the one hand and mora on the other hand, which could lead to an accurate understanding of their relations.
On the contrary the present author insists that existing researches have missed due problem-posing and solution-suggestion which seem to be a matter of course for any attempt to access the meaning of politics or the political from Kant’s practical philosophies: to find out true identity of politics which has not only to pay respect to law but also to kneel down in front of moral, to get its definition, and to trace not only its roles and functions but its goals and values etc.
In order to succeed in answering those problems it is necessary to take into consideration not only the full context of Kant’s remarks as above but Kant’s additional remarks on politics or the political, which become meaningful only in relation with law or moral. In doing so we must thoroughly analyse Kant’s own words such as “politics as an executing theory of law”, “principle of politics which apply concepts of metaphysics of law as a system of reason to various empirical cases in reality”, the difference between “moral politicians and political moralists”, and also the difference between “ethical, legal and political community.”
One of major purposes of this paper was to understand Kant's notion of politics or the political. As it won't be never easy to make clear if Kant had left a political philosophy also, it seems rather thoughtless to try to prove a close connection between Kant and the notion of politics or the political. Nevertheless we easily meet with the notion of politics or the political throughout his writing. And his notion of politics or the political even appears to be closely related with his theory of republic. Therefore this paper seeks to find out not only the context in which the notion of politics or the political appears throughout his writings but the relation between politics or the political and republic. In this way this paper examines finally not only if we can say Kant also had left his own political philosophy based on the politics or the political but which tradition his notion of politics or the political follows and which relevance his notion of politics or the political has to that of today.
Through this study as above on the uniqueness of politics or the political from Kant’s practical philosophies could be confirmed the A. Gulyga’s argument, that Kant for the first time in his later years had replaced religious and ethical solution with social and political solution regarding problems of human beings. According to Gulyga Kant at last tried to find out solution for the famous question “what is human being?” only from the perspective of entire society and social-legal institutions, what means that Kant’s political philosophy had got settled totally as a new area in his spirit world, which had started to develop lately as his hairs turned gray.