Experiences of parents five years after a adolescent's suicide
1. Introduction
In 2015, the total number of suicides in Korea was 13,513 person with an average of 37.0 suicides per day (KOSIS, 2016). The suicide rate per 100,000 population is 26.5 ...
Experiences of parents five years after a adolescent's suicide
1. Introduction
In 2015, the total number of suicides in Korea was 13,513 person with an average of 37.0 suicides per day (KOSIS, 2016). The suicide rate per 100,000 population is 26.5, which is slightly lower than the 31.7 peak in 2011, but Korea continues to have the highest suicide rate among OECD countries. Korea has the highest suicide rate per 100,000 population at 25.8 (as of 2015), which is 2.2 times higher than the average OECD suicide rate of 12.0.
Moreover, suicide is the number one cause of death among teens and twenties. According to the National Youth Policy Institute for Research (2013), the death rate among juvenile suicide deaths decreased from 7.9 in 1990 to 6.3 in 2010 among the 34 countries in OECD, whereas Korea's juvenile suicide deaths increased more than 1.6 times from 5.9 to 9.4 during the same time period (Kim et al., 2013). According to the Suicide Prevention White Book (Korea Suicide Prevention Center, 2014: 234), during 48 years of Korean scholarly journals from 1966 to 2014, 33.6% of the 851 articles listed as or listed as candidates on National Research Fundation of Korea of suicide papers were about adolescent's suicides. The results of these studies show that the number one cause of youth death being suicides since 2009 and academic research are not irrelevant.
After reading an European article titled "The Family After a Teenager's Suicide: Life or Survival? by Hannier (2014), I began to ask "what is time like for Korean parents? living in a country with the highest juvenile suicide rates. In Korea, where blood and family connections are stronger than in the West, I wanted to study how that time is being experienced by parents after their adolescent's suicide.
Suicide of a child should not be experienced in any parent's life. Parents of suicidal adolescents experience more severe guilt and shame than by spouses of suicides (Reed and Greenwald, 1991), and parents continue to experience severe depression and mental health problems for up to 62 years after losing their children to suicide (Floyd et al., 2008; Harper et al., 2001). Family members of suicide deaths need 9 times more professional help than normal mourners (Lindqvist et al., 2008). In Korea, where the number one cause of death for teenagers is suicide, the parents are unable to reveal the accumulated sadness due to guilt and shame of not being able to prevent their children from suicides, and they suffer from serious mental illness or depression, occasionally leading to subsequent suicides of their own. It is time that we can no longer think of this serious social issue just as a family's problem, and it is time that academic studies are needed.
Surviving family members have different degrees of sadness and mourning depending on their relationship with suicide victim. About 33% of <Sorry, Thanks, Love> members, a self-help group of suicide family members are parents, and should be evidence to suggest that the parents are suffering the most and may be looking desperately outside help. Depending on time past since the incident, depending on the age of the children at the time of the incident, the parents are likely to suffer life differently.
The purpose of this study is to focus on the experience of the parents of adolescent's suicides, especially breaking down a period of 5 years after the incident.
2. Research Methods and Research Contents
Prior to the study, I was approved by the Chonbuk National University Institutional Review Board (JBNU 2016-09-012-003). The ethical problems in the interview process were not easy because the subject matter had to discuss the complicated grief of parents' guilt, shame, and anger. Data collection methods used were purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data was collected through in-depth interviews of six parents who lost their children due to suicides in Seoul and Chungcheong provinces to inquire about their experiences within five years of loss. In order to bring out the many facts that parents have experienced (phenomena), the van Manen (2000)'s hermeneutic phenomenological method was used for analysis.
Essential themes derived in chronological order are 'missed signals' (at the time of the accident), 'Scarlet Letter Stigmas' (up to 3 months), 'crumbling lives' (up to 12 months), 'stuffed times' (up to 36 months), 'breathe again' (up to 60 months), and 'accompanied by life and death' (after 60 months). The child's choice was not the right one, but since it was the child's own choice, the new interpretation is for the parents to respect the choice. The key term that permeates the subject of research is not to say goodbye but to say hello. The parents are saying goodbye to the extreme grief of losing a child, and beginning to greet hello to the new relationships to and to restructure a new life without their child.
3. Results and Implications
First, it is necessary to recognize the importance of the last signal just before the suicide is committed and to educate the nation about suicide, including methods to cope with pre-suicide symptoms. The use of bereaved family members as gatekeeper in close contact with the community will be the most effective.
Second, the counseling and therapeutic services appropriate to the physical and psychological needs at each step should be provided, recognizing the various stages of the mourning process depending on time. During the first 2-3 months of the incident, the counselors should offer counseling and engage in crisis interventions to ensure that the parents do not engage in suicidal behavior. In the next stage of the scarlet-stigma, the focus should be on intensive care and management. In the three-year period of seclusion, social support system must be provided. After five years, parents need to be encouraged to send their children where they wanted to go, respect their children's choices, and to say hello to a new form of life without children. Service should be provide to reconnect the previously disconnected social networks and to restructure new forms of life.
Third, youth suicide is more impulsive than adult suicide and tends to be follow other suicides; it is the Werther effect. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a legal guideline of suicide related news to be informative for preventing suicides rather than a beautified suicide report which can have adverse effects on adolescents.
Fourth, in order to cure the bereaved family, the story about suicide or death should no longer be a tabooed topic. The family should be brought out to the world to receive appropriate professional help at each stage.
Fifth, after the loss of a child, parents should be provided a long-term design and program so that they can take the gifts they have received from their lost children such as sharing, humility, and letting go for a more positive change.
4. Benefits and Utilization
First, this study can contribute to suicide prevention. It can contribute to the prevention of suicide of the parents and to the prevention of juvenile suicides, which is the number one cause of teenage and twenties' deaths.
Second, this study can contribute to changes in research methods related to suicide survivors. This is the beginning of a longitudinal study with little or no previous attempts to track experiences of bereaved families five years after the incident.
Third, based on empirical evidence, this study can contribute to creating a plan to improve the quality of life for parents of suicide children. It can contribute not only to biological survival, but also to find ways to return to the scene of daily life.