본연구는 제73차 개헌이 달리트(불가촉민)의 정치적 지위변화에 미친 영향 을 전반적으로 살펴보고 특히 타밀나두의 마을 판챠이야트에서 생긴 변화를 살펴보기 위해 현지조사를 수행한 결과를 보고하고 있다.

이를 위하여 우선 배경설명으로서 타밀나두에서 판차이야 ...

본연구는 제73차 개헌이 달리트(불가촉민)의 정치적 지위변화에 미친 영향 을 전반적으로 살펴보고 특히 타밀나두의 마을 판챠이야트에서 생긴 변화를 살펴보기 위해 현지조사를 수행한 결과를 보고하고 있다.

이를 위하여 우선 배경설명으로서 타밀나두에서 판차이야트의 전사를 살펴보고, 그것이 1992년 제73차 개헌에 의해서 어떻게 변화했는지 살펴보았다. 이를 통해서 판차이야트의 상세한 구조를 설명했고, 아울러 제73차 개헌이후 달리트의 정치적 진출의 전반적 현황과 의미를 살펴보았다. 대체적인 평가는 달리트의 상당한 진출이 있었다고 보인다.

그러나 타밀나두의 마을 차원에서 전개된 달리트의 정치적 진출을 구체적으로 살펴보면 전혀 그렇지 못하다. 시골마을에서 달리트는 여전히 불가촉민으로서 천대를 받고 있으며, 제73차 개헌과 그에 이은 주 차원의 판차이야트 법의 도입에도 불구하고, 달리트의 정치적 진출이 전혀 이루어지지 않은 곳이 많았다. 심지어 달리트의 정치적 진출을 새로운 분란과 갈등과 희생을 낳기도 했다.

본논문의 이렇나 모순의 구체적인 현상을 서술했으며, 그 원인에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 본고에서는 그 원인으로 카스트 힌두의 저항, 주정부의 소극성, 달리트 측에서의 역량상 한계를 지적했다.

이어 마지막으로 이러한 연구의 이론적 함의로서 인권, 민주주의의 문제를 제기하고, 인권의 불가분성이 이론적으로 뿐만 아니라 실제로도 추구되어야 할 필요가 있음을 지적했다.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment and the Political Empowerment of Dalits in Tamil Nadu, India


Ever since the Independence, the Indian Government enacted a series of laws to abolish the untouchability practices, for example the Protection of Civi ...

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment and the Political Empowerment of Dalits in Tamil Nadu, India


Ever since the Independence, the Indian Government enacted a series of laws to abolish the untouchability practices, for example the Protection of Civil Rights Act(1955) and the Schedules Castes and Scheduled Tribes(Prevention of Atrocities) Act(1989), which were found not so effective for their purposes.
To overcome the shortages of the above laws, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment was made in 1992, adding a new chapter named "Part 9. Panchayat." With it, the Indian Constitution come to have very detailed provisions on the grass root local governments, i.e. Panchayat. And it has special importance for the promotion of the Dalit human rights, for it provides that the Dalits shall have reserved seats in every Panchayat in proportion of the number of Dalits to the whole population of each unit and that the offices of the chairpersons in the Panchayats shall be reserved for Dalits in the same way.
This article traces the effects of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment on the political empowerment of the Dalits and the promotion of their human rights, focusing on the Dalits in 4 villages in Dadurai district, Tamil Nadu. Fieldwork was conducted to survey what was actually happening in the village level.
Despite the prevailing evaluation that in the nationwide level the Amendment seems to have some positive effects for the promotion of Dalit human rights, it is quite different if we talk about the situations in the village level in Tamil Nadu.
In the said 4 villages, I find that various kinds of untouchability practices are still being committed. For examples, Dalits are not allowed to enter Hindu temple or roads in Caste Hindu area, they are separated in schools, they are not allowed to get water in public wells, etc. These practices shows that the anti-untouchability acts did not work in the villages. It is in this situation that the Amendment was made. We may say that it is a new trial in a sense that it tries to promote the Dalit human rights by letting them participate in the local governments.
But in reality, the expected effects were now shown. Even the Dalits participation itself was totally frustrated by the caste Hindu. Caste Hindu obstructed the elections in several ways. They boycotted the elections, they prevented the Dalit to run for the offices by intimidating or killing candidates, they hindered election campaigns in the village, they sent puppet candidates and forced them to resign when winning, they persecuted the Dalits who voted, etc.
As long as the 4 villages in Tamil Nadu are concerned, we can say for certain that the 73rd Amendment did not made any positive effect for the promotion of Dalit human rights. In addition it brought about new conflicts and sufferings to Dalits.
Regarding the causes of the total failure of the new trial made by the Amendment, three categories should be considered. One is the resistance of the Caste Hindu, another is the unvoluntariness of the (state) government and the last is the weakness and handicaps of the Dalits.
Lastly this article provides some theoretical and practical implications. Especially it emphasizes the relationship between human rights and democracy and between human rights. The deficiency of one can cause the deficiency of the other. In that sense human rights and democracy should not be separately considered and human rights are dependent on each other.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment and the Political Empowerment of Dalits in Tamil Nadu, India

Ever since the Independence, the Indian Government enacted a series of laws to abolish the untouchability practices, for example the Protection of Civil ...

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment and the Political Empowerment of Dalits in Tamil Nadu, India

Ever since the Independence, the Indian Government enacted a series of laws to abolish the untouchability practices, for example the Protection of Civil Rights Act(1955) and the Schedules Castes and Scheduled Tribes(Prevention of Atrocities) Act(1989), which were found not so effective for their purposes.
To overcome the shortages of the above laws, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment was made in 1992, adding a new chapter named "Part 9. Panchayat." With it, the Indian Constitution come to have very detailed provisions on the grass root local governments, i.e. Panchayat. And it has special importance for the promotion of the Dalit human rights, for it provides that the Dalits shall have reserved seats in every Panchayat in proportion of the number of Dalits to the whole population of each unit and that the offices of the chairpersons in the Panchayats shall be reserved for Dalits in the same way.
This article traces the effects of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment on the political empowerment of the Dalits and the promotion of their human rights, focusing on the Dalits in 4 villages in Dadurai district, Tamil Nadu. Fieldwork was conducted to survey what was actually happening in the village level.
Despite the prevailing evaluation that in the nationwide level the Amendment seems to have some positive effects for the promotion of Dalit human rights, it is quite different if we talk about the situations in the village level in Tamil Nadu.
In the said 4 villages, I find that various kinds of untouchability practices are still being committed. For examples, Dalits are not allowed to enter Hindu temple or roads in Caste Hindu area, they are separated in schools, they are not allowed to get water in public wells, etc. These practices shows that the anti-untouchability acts did not work in the villages. It is in this situation that the Amendment was made. We may say that it is a new trial in a sense that it tries to promote the Dalit human rights by letting them participate in the local governments.
But in reality, the expected effects were now shown. Even the Dalits participation itself was totally frustrated by the caste Hindu. Caste Hindu obstructed the elections in several ways. They boycotted the elections, they prevented the Dalit to run for the offices by intimidating or killing candidates, they hindered election campaigns in the village, they sent puppet candidates and forced them to resign when winning, they persecuted the Dalits who voted, etc.
As long as the 4 villages in Tamil Nadu are concerned, we can say for certain that the 73rd Amendment did not made any positive effect for the promotion of Dalit human rights. In addition it brought about new conflicts and sufferings to Dalits.
Regarding the causes of the total failure of the new trial made by the Amendment, three categories should be considered. One is the resistance of the Caste Hindu, another is the unvoluntariness of the (state) government and the last is the weakness and handicaps of the Dalits.
Lastly this article provides some theoretical and practical implications. Especially it emphasizes the relationship between human rights and democracy and between human rights. The deficiency of one can cause the deficiency of the other. In that sense human rights and democracy should not be separately considered and human rights are dependent on each other.

1. 연구결과
(1) 인도에서 달리트의 인권증진과 관련된 법의 현황을 간략히 소개하고, 제73차 개헌에서 달리트의 인권증진과 관련된 내용을 정리하여 소개했다.
(2) 본 논문은 우리나라에서는 그다지 알려져 있지 않은 판챠이야트의 구조를 정리하여 소개했다. 특히 타 ...

1. 연구결과
(1) 인도에서 달리트의 인권증진과 관련된 법의 현황을 간략히 소개하고, 제73차 개헌에서 달리트의 인권증진과 관련된 내용을 정리하여 소개했다.
(2) 본 논문은 우리나라에서는 그다지 알려져 있지 않은 판챠이야트의 구조를 정리하여 소개했다. 특히 타밀나두에서의 판차이야트의 역사적 기원과 현황에 대해서 상세히 소개하고, 제73차 개헌이후 타밀나두에서 달리트의정치적 진출에 대해서 정리했다. ]
(3) 본논문의 중심부로서 타밀나주의 마두라이 지역의 몇몇 마을에서 제73차 개헌이 달리트의 정치적 진출에 미친 영향을 분석했다. 그 결과 달리트의 정치적 진출에 대한 카스트 힌두의 저항의 구체적인 모습을 보여주었으며, 달리트의 정치적 진출이 좌절되는 모습을 기술했다.
(4) 타밀나두에서 마을 차원에서의 달리트 정치적 진출이 좌절된 원인을 분석했다.
(5) 이러한 연구의 이론적 함의를 제시했다.

2. 활용방안
(1) 일차적으로는 인도사회를 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 특히 카스트의 실제적 작동을 이해하고, 달리트의 실태를 이해하는 데 도움을 준다.
(2) 법사회학의 이론화에 활용한다. 특히 법과 사회변동간의 관계를 이론화하는 데 활용할 수 있다.
(3) 인권증진을 위한 수단을 연구하는데 이용할 수 있다. 법을 통한 인권증진의 한계나 그 극복방안을 모색하는 경우에 시사점을 줄 수 있다.