1) A Pioneer of ecological philosophy, Spinoza - Spinoza's View of Nature in ecological standpoint.
If we estimate Spinoza's view of nature, that is contrary to modern naturalism, first, each individual, that constitutes the nature, has meaning as a ...
1) A Pioneer of ecological philosophy, Spinoza - Spinoza's View of Nature in ecological standpoint.
If we estimate Spinoza's view of nature, that is contrary to modern naturalism, first, each individual, that constitutes the nature, has meaning as a part of holistic nature independent on human evaluation, second, the adjustment to nature is useful to humankind. This two thinking is premise, that is basically accepted. For Spinoza, human being as a part of nature belongs to same order as nature, controlled by same principle. The human kind should be adjusted to nature. In this aspect Spinoza's view of nature can provide metaphysical basis in ecological philosophical discussion of modern.
2) Nietzsche's another Copernican revolution - dehumanization of nature and naturalization of human being via cosmological nature
This paper aims to deal with Nietzsche's concept of nature. In contrary to general and metaphysical interpretation (for example, Martin Heidegger), Nietzsche criticizes the anthropocentrism. And in order to achieve this critique, Nietzsche tries to recover the concept of nature far from the domination of the human being. The notion of modern nature is modelled on the calculation and control. Of course this calculation and control is moments for the man's hegemony of the nature. Nietzsche's such a investigation can be a foundation of deep ecology. Because the deep ecology also insists the radical critique of human being- centered standpoint. So this inquiry can be a starting point for a future project to bind together Nietzsche's naturalism and contemporary deep ecology.
3) Nietzsche's pursuit of coexistence and of ecological subjectivity - on ecological metaphorism
This paper try to overcome the new asymmetry between human being and nature by applying ecological metaphorism, because human duty and responsibility to nature by traditional ethics brings unsatisfied result. The consideration earth-philosophy of Nietzsche in the relation to inherent value of nature uncovers ecological topography carved through modern and postmodern. Specially, ecological justice is criticized in a anthropological definition of human essence as perfection. In order to compare ecological justice and social justice, moral attitude is justified as a the passive indifference instead of active intervention.
4) A Research of Niche and Spinoza's Eecological View of Nature
- Can Spinoza's view of nature be the origin of Niche's ecological philosophy -
This research is to study Spinoza's view of nature who is often referred in relation to present days' eco-philosophical discussion as a modern rationalist. This research also has a purpose to examine how Spinoza's view of nature lay the foundation of Niche's eco-philosophy. In fact, Spinoza occupies an important position of the flow of modern rationality that stems from Descartes to Leibniz, thus received a great impact from Descartes. However, at least in relation to view of nature, Spinoza goes totally against with Descartes, playing a reactionary role against the general flow that origins from Descartes to modern illuminism. Then, Spinoza's concept of nature that goes against illuministic view of nature could be a kind of alternative in solving the problem of illuminism and in this context, it is expected that discussion of Spinoza in Niche's eco-philosophy will actively be formed.