There are 2 papers in this study as follows.
[ Paper 1 : A Comparative Study on the Intellectual - Sa(士) in China, Korea, and Japan : Focused on the Concepts of Gentry, Seonbi, and Bushi ]
When the concepts of the traditional intellectuals, Seon ...
There are 2 papers in this study as follows.
[ Paper 1 : A Comparative Study on the Intellectual - Sa(士) in China, Korea, and Japan : Focused on the Concepts of Gentry, Seonbi, and Bushi ]
When the concepts of the traditional intellectuals, Seonbi(文士), Gentry(紳士), and Bushi(武士), firstly formed in Korea, China and Japan, its subjects were petty affairs. Afterward, however, the concepts and the power of the intellectuals became more strong.
In the case of Seonbi, it started from the word "Seon-bae(先輩)" which meaned senior among learned men in Korea. The term "Bushi" or "Samurai" was originated from "Bushi", the traditional soldier of Japan, in the end of Heian period. Gentry or "Shenshi(紳士)", the Chinese intellectuals, started from the intellectuals lived in the country of the early Ming dynasty. Neo-Confucianism had a deep effect on forming the concept and the class of the intellectuals, Seonbi, Gentry and Bushi in the old East Asian society.
The collapse of Chosun dynasty was, to some degree, cased by the society's intellectual leaders or Seonbi who pointed to moralism and was eager to do moral training. On the other hand, Bushi of Japan regarded Wang Yang-ming's thought practice as important, and actively adopted the learning and the military knowledge of Western civilization. In China, when the Manchu - Qing regime was strong, Gentry holded power of country in common with Manchurian. After all, however, they played a decisive role in overthrowing Qing dynsty and establishing a new republican government. After the traditional ages, in Modern times the meaning of the Asian intellectuals, Seonbi, Gentry and Bushi, have been revaluated and idealized.
[ Paper 2 : The Intellectuals' Ideals in the Traditional East Asian Societies - Focused on the Religious Thoughts of Donghak, Tenrikyo and the Society of God Worshippers ]
The paper investigates the ideal image and the ideological tendency of the traditional intellectuals in the East Asian Societies by analyzing the religious thoughts of Donghak, Tenrikyo and the Society of God Worshippers, which were the representative religious bodies in Korea, Japan and China.
In particular, this paper focuses on the founders' thoughts of the religious organizations, such as Choi Jewoo(崔濟愚, 1824-1864) of Donghak, Nakayama Miki(中山みき, 1798-1887) of Tenrikyo and Hong xiuquan(洪秀全, 1814-1864) of the Society of God Worshippers.
The results obtained from the study are as follows:
Choi Jewoo's father was a teacher in a rural village, and so Choi Jewoo also wanted to be a teacher. Afterward when he had religious experiences, in the trance state, he became a teacher. Consequently, his religious thoughts were based on the ideal teacher's stance.
Nakayama Miki respected her father, who was a low-ranking warrior or bushi(武士). And when she experienced strange experiences, she became a high-ranking warrior or shogun(將軍). On this account, many of her religious thoughts were based on the ideal bushi's position.
Hong xiuquan's father was a low-ranking local official, therefore Hong xiuquan wanted to be a high-ranking official since childhood. Later, he took the civil service examinations only to failed. And so when he had religious experiences, he became an official appointed by God. And his religious thoughts, in many cases, depended on the ideal official's stance.