This research on the relationshipbetween Protestantism and nationalism in Korea first surveyed diverseinterpretations of the origin of nationalism. Scholars of nationalism haveapproached to nationalism from the different perspectives of primordialism, ...
This research on the relationshipbetween Protestantism and nationalism in Korea first surveyed diverseinterpretations of the origin of nationalism. Scholars of nationalism haveapproached to nationalism from the different perspectives of primordialism, modernism,and ethno-symbolism, that is a hybrid view in-between primordialism andmodernism. Primordialists saw that nation was based on biological, ethnic,cultural ties such as ancestry, kinship, language and folklore, and explainedthat nationalism derived from the primordial ethnic ties of nation. Bycontrast, modernists understood that nationalism was a modern construct andnation came from nationalism, that is, an ideology constructing nation-state inthe process of modernization through industrialization(Ernest Gellner),capitalism(Eric Hobsbawm), standardization and dissemination of nationallanguages(Benedict Anderson). A hybrid view criticizing weaknesses of bothperspectives regarded nationalism as a modern construct and emphasized thatnationalism came from nation on the basis of ethnies, an ethniccommunity, which had been culturally interrelated for a long time.
Modern nationalism in Europe beganwith civic nationalism based on political liberalism from the FrenchRevolution. The Napoleon’s domination instigated the rise and development ofnationalism in Europe, and ethnic nationalism came into existence particularlyin Germany while concentrating on racial and cultural integration and promptingexclusive national sentiments. In the mid nineteenth century competingnationalisms presented state nationalism manipulated by nation-states, whichdeveloped into imperialism and further totalitarianism and fascism in thetwentieth century. The competing nationalisms propelled colonial expansion ofEurope all over the world and also caused world wars. Ironically, nationalismbecame transplanted as an anti-colonial, nation-making ideology into thecolonized and reshaped the world into the modern nation-state system.
Nationalism in Korea began in theearly twentieth century at the time when Korean intellectual elites acceptedthe idea of modern nation-state to pursue modernization. Ironically,nationalism in Korea developed under Japanese colonial rule. Most of all, theMarch First Independence Movement in 1919, which was referred to the beginningof modern Korean nationalism in the real sense, inspired national conscienceand sentiment in the people and fomented voluntary popular nationalism.However, Korean nationalism could not develop into civic nationalism inrelation to political liberalism because of Japanese colonial rule over Korea.Rather, nationalism in Korea resisted to colonial racialism to assimilate theKorean people into the Japanese and developed into a typical form of anexclusive ethnic, cultural, and organic nationalism, that is, nation as anorganic whole of individuals. In the post liberation era, the typical form ofKorean nationalism articulated with anti-communist authoritarian statism anddeveloped into an ideology of culturally and racially homogeneous nation state.It aimed at securing the authority and authenticity of the anti-communist stateat the cold war system by integrating the people into the ideology of asingle-race nationalism.
This research dealt with diverse forms, ways,and discourses of the articulation of Protestantism and nationalism in Korea onthe particular social conditions. From the beginning of Protestantism throughthe Japanese colonial rule to the post-liberation era, Protestantism had beenintertwined with nationalism because Protestantism sought to realize andcontextualize the Christian faith and do the social responsibility in the givensocio-cultural conditions of Korea while pursuing the salvation of individualsby propagating the Gospel to the people. This research categorized Protestantnationalism as a form of the articulation of both Protestantism and nationalisminto the four patterns and plus a form of disarticulation of Protestantism andnationalism. The first pattern is cultural Protestant nationalism, which soughtto preserve and regenerate the Korean nation through socio-cultural movementslike Christian education and rural movements. The second pattern is evangelicalProtestant nationalism pursuing the salvation of the Korean people through thespiritual, moral renewal by the Christian activism such as the revivalmovement, evangelism, and the bible study. Kim Kyo-shin’s Seogseo Joseon(Bible and Korea) and Kim In-seo’s Sinang Saenghwal(Christian Life) wouldbe the best case. The third pattern is public, official Protestant nationalismpursuing the building of the new country on the basis of Christian politicaland social values including anti-communism and liberal democracy, as shown inthe great contribution of politically conservative Protestants to theestablishment of the Republic of Korea. The fourth pattern is phenomenologicalProtestant nationalism, in which Protestantism appeared to be a phenomenon ofnationalism when the Christian faith came into conflict with the Japanesecolonial ideologies and politics. It could be shown when Protestants activelyparticipated in the March First Movement in 1919 and resisted the Shinto ShrineWorship reinforced by the Japanese in the late 1930s. By contrast to theprevious four patterns, the last pattern this research argued was about thedisarticulation of Protestantism and nationalism. Protestantism came intotension with nationalism as shown in the cases such as the Great Revival in1907, the conversion of Protestant nationalists to the pro-Japanese collaborationin the late 1930s, and the division of Protestantism due to the conflict overcommunism and anti-communism in the post liberation period.
Consequently, this research argued that theinterrelationship between Protestant and nationalism should be understoodwithin the particular historical and socio-cultural contexts rather thanidentification and justification of Protestantism with nationalism and viceversa. So far, Protestantism has been closely intertwined with nationalism, sometimesanti-colonial, anti-imperialist nationalism aiming at the reconstruction of theKorean nation and saving the people from agonies of the Japanese colonial rule.Sometimes, however, it has been interrelated with ethnic, jingoist, andauthoritarian state nationalism in Korea. This interrelationship more oftenthan not jeopardized the universal values of the Christian faith, and justifiedthe domination and violence to the marginalized people in the name of Christianreligion. In this regard, one of the most important tasks for Protestantscholars and historians of Christian nationalism is to criticize the discoursesand inner politics of the articulation of Protestantism and nationalism:deconstructing the repressive, exclusive, and egocentric nationalisticdiscourses of Protestantism on the contrary to the universal values of theGospel; and reconstructing the universal, social responsible GlocalChristianity and pursuing the realization of the Gospel in the particularsocio-cultural contexts.