This study is a paper which traced the whereabouts of the Korean Diaspora who emigrated to China during the period of Wei-Jin Kingdoms, Northern and Southern Dynasties of China. The reason for using the concept ‘Diaspora’ instead of the term ‘Yumin ...
This study is a paper which traced the whereabouts of the Korean Diaspora who emigrated to China during the period of Wei-Jin Kingdoms, Northern and Southern Dynasties of China. The reason for using the concept ‘Diaspora’ instead of the term ‘Yumin(遺民: Drifting people)’ is that it is not appropriate to refer to this group who flowed in China before a nation was not destroyed yet as ‘Yumin’ as the original meaning of ‘Yumin’ is ‘the people of a fallen nation.’
According to the existing research, ‘Diaspora’ is said to show bi-affiliated attributes psychologically such as a sense of belonging to new migrant region, etc, together with its indigenous legacy identity. All the Gojoseon, Goguryeo & Buyeo-origin emigrant(expatriate) group to China were the beings having such an attribute, so this study defined them as ‘Diaspora’ without exception.
The Korean Diaspora, who played an active part in China during this period, can be roughly divided into one group who emigrated to China during the 3rd~4th century, and another group who emigrated during the 5th~6th century.
As the Diaspora who emigrated to China during the 3rd~4th century, the Gojoseon, Goguryeo & Buyeo-origin emigrant(expatriate) group can be exemplified while as the Diaspora who emigrated during the 5th~6th century, Goguryeo-origin emigrant group can be exemplified.
The Gojoseon-origin emigrant group is the one who emigrated to liao xi area of China after Nakrang Commandery was destroyed by King Macheon of the Goguryeo kingdom in 313 and in 314.
Representatively, the Wangs of Nakrang, the Hans of Changryeo, and the Dongs of Yodong, etc. formed this group. They settled down near jíchéng(棘城)-the capital of Qiányān(前燕) in group. Meanwhile, the Buyeo-origin emigrant group is the one which emigrated as a status of a prisoner of war(after Buyeo was defeated in the war with Qiányān(前燕)from the late 3rd century to the early 4th century. The fact that they also settled down at the area called Lamadong in the vicinity of jíchéng(棘城) was identified through the archaeological excavation.
The Goguryeo-origin emigrant group came to form as a result of a military collision with Qiányān(前燕) in the early 4th century, and they joined the group as a status of prisoners of war, or hostages. The area where Goguryeo-origin emigrant group settled down immediately after they emigrated to Qiányān(前燕) isn’t accurately identified, but it is estimated that they might be also placed in the vicinity of jíchéng(棘城)-the initial capital of Qiányān(前燕) in common with the Gojoseon-origin emigrants, or Buyeo-origin emigrants.
The Qiányān(前燕)regime, which got to seize hegemony at liao xi are as it won a victory at the fierce competition with its peripheral powers like Goguryeo and Umunseonbi(宇文鮮卑), etc., came to set up a state development strategy in the direction of contending for supremacy over its rival powers by plunging into a struggle for political power of the Chinese inland region. Qiányān(前燕) came to contend for supremacy over the whole country unification against Qiánqín(前秦)& DōngJìn(東晉)regimes as it won a victory at the war against the then hegemony-holder of the northern region of China-hòu zhào(後趙) in a row, and conquered the eastern region of North China in the end. The capital of Qiányān(前燕)also came to move from Lóngchéng(龍城) to jì(薊), and Yè(鄴) according to territory expansion, and Korean Diaspora also got to move along the course like this. Nevertheless, most of the Gojoseon-origin emigrant group seemed to remain in the vicinity of jíchéng(棘城).
After Qiányān(前燕)was destroyed by Qiánqín(前秦), Seonbi tribes came to move to Guānzhōng(關中)region, which was once a regional foundation of Qiánqín(前秦), in compliance with the state policy of Qiánqín(前秦). At this moment, a part of Korean Diaspora is estimated to move to Guānzhōng(關中)region, but the historical materials, which can support this estimation, have not been identified yet.
In the process of the ruin of Qiánqín(前秦)regime ten years after, and state foundation of Hòuyān(後燕), a large majority of Korean Diaspora supported the state foundation of Hòuyān(後燕), but a part of Buyeo-origin emigrant group led by Yeoam(餘岩) stayed at liao xi area on their way to the northeast direction where Buyeo was located instead of joining Hòuyān regime, and formed an independent force, also being at feud with Hòuyān regime. In addition, identified is the existence of Kowun(高雲)of Goguryeo origin, who was the last king of Hòuyān(後燕). Also, confirmed is the fact that Korean Diaspora still didn’t lose a legacy identity of Goguryeo and Buyeo respectively even after the elapse of well over half a century since they moved to China through their movements.
In the late 4th century, when BěiWèi(北魏)took possession of Zhōngyuán took possession of Zhōngyuán(中原) in replacement of Hòuyān(後燕), BěiWèi(北魏) got the Goguryeo-origin emigrant group to move to Píngchéng(平城)-the initial capital of BěiWèi(北魏). At dàtóng(大同), which is the present place name of Píngchéng, identified are remains of Goguryeo-origin persons who lived in this region at that time. Their family names are Go(高) clan and Gae(蓋) clan; particularly, an interesting part is that the obscure ruins associated with Gae clan were discovered in large quantities. In addition, as a Gojoseon-origin family name, persons of the Wangs of Nakrang are discovered in great numbers.
In the past, there existed an opinion raising a question about the relations between Wang(王)clan and Takwang(拓王) clan, but as a result of the research, it was confirmed that Takwang(拓王) clan is the family name derived from Wang(王)clan.
Identified are a large number of persons in historical materials, who emigrated to BěiWèi(北魏) regime from Goguryeo after King Jangsu of Goguryeo transferred the capital to Pyeongyang in the late 5th century, and the representative family names include Wang(王)clan and Han(韓) clan, who originally settled in Pyeongyang indigenously, and Goguryeo royal family name-Go(高) clan, etc. The family name identified in China among their movements is Goguryeo Go(高)clan. The Goguryeo Go(高)clan worked in a high office rank, and representatively, identified is one whole family centering on wénzhāo huánghòu(文昭皇后), who was a mother of xuānwǔdì(宣武帝)of BěiWèi(北魏), and her older brother gāo zhào(高肇). Besides, there is also a view understanding gāo huān(高歡), who founded BěiQí(北齊), as a native of Goguryeo.
In 494, BěiWèi(北魏) transferred its capital to luò yáng(落陽) from Píngchéng(平城). Accordingly, Korean Diaspora is estimated to also move to luò yáng, yet it’s difficult to identify this through the currently remaining materials; rather, it is estimated that Korean Diaspora might take charge of military work for holding northern nations like Róurán(柔然) in check at the forefront of BěiWèi(北魏)by remaining at Píngchéng(平城) as ever even after BěiWèi(北魏)’s transfer of the capital.
Meanwhile, Goguryeo Yumin(drifting people)’s movements are identified at Guānzhōng(關中)district as well. Particularly, the existence of Gae(蓋)clan in Buddhist zaoxiangji(佛敎造像記:records about an originator, maker, origin and production period of a Buddhist image)is grasped; in the past, it was understood as Qiāngzú(羌族), but at present, the opinion understanding it as Goguryeo descent is receiving strength. Concerning Korean Yumin’s period of emigration to Guānzhōng(關中), it is possible to presume both the possibility of emigration as Qiányān(前燕) was destroyed by Qiánqín(前秦) in the 1370s and the possibility of their natural influx into Guānzhōng(關中)district in the process of BěiWèi(北魏)’s transfer of the capital to luò yáng(落陽) from Píngchéng(平城). However, seeing that ruins of the whole family & relatives of the Gae clan are discovered in great quantities at Píngchéng(平城), it is highly likely that they might naturally emigrated to Shǎnxīshěng(陝西省)which neighbored Shānxīshěng(山西省), i.e. Guānzhōng(關中)district after living at Píngchéng(平城).
The main reason for the fact that Korean Diaspora, who did active work in China during the period of Wei-Jin Kingdoms, Northern and Southern Dynasties, was able to maintain their legacy identity for hundreds of years can be found from the then Chinese policy for ethnic nations.
Since the period of Chinese Han, China’s Han Dynasty carried out a policy which made it possible for northern nations to maintain their own society and custom by permitting them to settle down collectively and emigrating to the inland areas of China instead of dispersing and dissolving the nomadic tribes subjugated to the own country.
Therefore, although the ethnic nations, who emigrated to inland areas of China, were subject to surveillance and control of the Chinese Dynasty-dispatched officials politically, they were able to maintain their own social manners and customs.
The reason for the Chinese Dynasties not to dissolve ethnic nations’ social organization lay in suppression of internal rebellions, or defense of external attacks by taking advantage of nomadic nations’ powerful military strength.
Such a policy was also handed over to ethnic political regimes which seized the northern regions on behalf of Han Chinese. Accordingly, for that reason, Goguryeo & Buyeo emigrant groups could also maintain their own legacy identity as it was without being naturalized to China. The Korean Diaspora during the period of Wei-Jin Kingdoms, Northern and Southern Dynasties of China couldn’t avoid the situation where they resided in dispersion when it was naturally separated into some sub-groups in the process of doing activity for long periods of time in China, but as identified in Buddhist zaoxiangji(佛敎造像記) discovered in Guānzhōng(關中)district in the 6th century, Korean Diaspora maintained their legacy identity while still maintaining their own manners and customs at the relative areas.