연구결과 요약문-영문
<Abstract>
This study explores second-half-Joseon local and central government records on the nationwide tea procurement by governments. It thus offers a speculative proposition that Joseon, in its second half, had a base to prod ...
연구결과 요약문-영문
<Abstract>
This study explores second-half-Joseon local and central government records on the nationwide tea procurement by governments. It thus offers a speculative proposition that Joseon, in its second half, had a base to produce and distribute commercial teas available for tributes to governments. It offers such a base as the ground to continue the tea culture in the private and governmental sectors even through ups and downs of wars and famines. It thus aims to further complete the Joseon history of tea culture.
It is being revealed in recent studies, however, that Joseon systematically continued to produce and procure teas for state use, centering on tea production areas.
Tea production areas were identified by exploring Joseon local and central government records suggesting that after the enforcement of Daedongbeop (Rice Tax law), contain the contents of the production and distribution of commercial teas in the private sector in the second-half Joseon. These historical records, explored in this study, include local records such as Sinjeungseungpyeongji(新增昇平志)(1729), Hadongbu bomingojeolmok(河東府補民庫節目)(1824), Haenamhyeoneupsaryechaek(海南縣邑事例冊)(1875), Gangjinhyeonyeojiseungnam (康津縣輿地勝覽)(1895), five items of Buyeoksilchong (賦役實總)(1794), as well as central government records such as Yeongjeopdogam eunggampansaekuigwe (迎接都監應辦色儀軌)(1643), Cheonsinjinsangdeungnok (薦新進上謄錄)Vol. 1-7 (1671-1697), Jinsangdeungnok (進上謄錄) Vol. 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, and 25 (1707-1723), Maesamun(每事問)(1796), Takjibyeolmugongmuljak deungeorin (度支別貿貢物作等魚鱗)(18th century), Takjijunjeol (度支準折) (era of King Gojong), Mangiyoram (萬機要覽, 財用篇)(1808), and eight items of Gongmujeongan (貢物定案)(1808). Geographies, as complementary materials, which were explored, include Yeojidoseo (輿地圖書)(1757- 1765), Daedongjiji (大東地志)(1864), and three items of Yeojaechalyo (輿載撮要)(1894).
These historical literature says that local governments procured teas from other local governments with a tea production area by exchanging their stored rice and the like for tea to offer the to upper governments. They also feature the second-half Joseon Yeongnam and Honam governors' yearly ritual royal tea offered for use in Jongmyo and Yeongjeon shrines. They also mention the price lists of tea collected as tribute or marketed, tea tribute collectors, responsible for procuring teas, and the list of Daedongmi rice amount paid for their efforts, and how to procure more tea. In addition, such presumed commercial tea production areas were confirmed as numbering 26 to 37 as explored in three geography records.
The continued production and supply of tea made Confucian-oriented Joseon tea culture continued at the state level, such as in offering tea to foreign envoys, kings' granting of tea, tea for rituals, tea for offering to kings, and tea serving for guests. Before the enforcement of Daedogbeop Act, local governments with a tea production area were responsible for procuring tea as a tribute. After the enforcement of the Act, teas could continue to be procured by exchanging Daedongmi rice for tea. Tea procurement was confirmed in the aforementioned 16 government records.
There were no records or direct sources that specify personal, vivid experience of private-sector commercial tea production and distribution. This is presumably because, in the Confucian-oriented Joseon society, people who engaged in commercial businesses and were regarded as humbled left little records on their activities and technical fields due to their social status, or if some, failed to be handed down. Records on the Joseon tea culture were handed down only through the government records and intellectuals' emotional poetry and literary records.
Thus, this study was based on the limited indirect and speculative historical records on the Joseon production and distribution of tea, and it is expected that new historical records will be explored to shed a fresh light on the issue.